Metal para Zambujal: reconstrucción experimental de una tecnología de 5.000 años

A series of 17 crucible smelting experiments were carried out as part of an interdisciplinary research project initiated to understand the innovation of copper metallurgy in the central and southern Portuguese Copper Age. The reconstructed smelting technology was based on information gathered from archaeological contexts, with emphasis on artifacts found at Zambujal and other sites in the Portuguese Estremadura, and ores collected from five different ore deposits in Portugal. Both the ore and smelting products were analysed using mineralogical and geochemical analyses, and compared with archaeological remains. Results of this comparative study are presented, and in light of technological observations made during the experiments, the role of copper production within the Chalcolithic society in southern and central Portugal is also discussed.Una serie de 17 experimentos de fundición fueron llevados a cabo como parte de un proyecto de investigación interdisciplinar, que fue iniciado con el propósito de entender las innovaciones en el ámbito de la metalurgia del cobre que se dieron en el centro y el sur de Portugal durante la Edad de Cobre. La tecnología de fundición utilizada en los experimentos fue recreada conforme a información recopilada y a artefactos encontrados en sitios arqueológicos, principalmente en Zambujal y otros lugares pertenecientes a la Estremadura Portuguesa. Asimismo, los minerales de cobre usados durante la fase experimental fueron recolectados en cinco yacimientos minerales de Portugal. El mineral y los productos finales del proceso de fundición fueron analizados mineralógica y geoquímicamente, para después ser comparados con el resto de las muestras arqueológicas. En el presente documento se discuten los resultados del estudio comparativo. Por último, se presenta una discusión del papel que tiene la producción de cobre en la sociedad del centro y del sur de Portugal durante el Calcolítico, basado en observaciones realizadas durante los experimentos

Digital documentation and visualization of archaeological excavations and finds using 3D scanning technology

[ES] La medición es una acompañante imprescindible en cada yacimiento arqueológico. Tomar medidas sin tocar ó estropear el objeto medido, es una de las ventajas de una documentación tridimensional del lugar entero con la técnica de escaneo láser. La alta precisión y resolución de los sistemas modernos ofrece la posibilidad del registro tridimensional de la geometría con gran exactitud y la documentación de su textura con alta resolución. Comparativamente con las métodos tradicionales el escaneo permite medir al mismo tiempo mucho mas detalles de un objeto. Estos instrumentos de alta tecnología se utilizan normalmente para el control de formación de muros de presa ó para asegurar la calidad geométrico de la construcción de aviones ó motores. Y también supone un gran progreso en el futuro de la arqueología y en la protección del matrimonio cultural de la humanidad.[EN] In 2007 the special research program HiMAT - History of Mining Activities in Tyrol and adjacent areas, focussing on environment and human societies, was established at the University of Innsbruck as an interdisciplinary and international research project, sponsored by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF). During late medieval and early modern times, the mining area of Schwaz in Tyrol became famous in Europe, due to the large scale exploitation of copper and silver bearing fahlores, going along with the development of high technologies in the field of mining and metallurgy. In that period, Schwaz was even called “the mother of all mines”. In the area of Schwaz/Brixlegg the main focus of our research project is on early traces of copper mining and metallurgy dating back to the late Bronze Age. Such traces are still preserved, especially in boundary areas of the main ore deposits. On the basis of previous surveys a little valley called “Maukental” was chosen for archaeological investigations, because within this small area the entire copper production process of the late Bronze Age can be studied in detail. During the past two years, the Institute of Archaeology and Surveying and the Geoinformation Unit of the University of Innsbruck worked together in this area. One object of interest was a late Bronze Age ore dressing site situated in a former peat-bog. In this place the advantageous environment preserved fragile wooden structures and artefacts which could be digitally documented in the condition of retrieval.The work is generously supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF Project F3114) in the framework of the Special Research Program History of Mining Activities in the Tyrol and Adjacent Areas (SFB "HiMAT") as well as by the province governments of Tyrol, South Tyrol, Vorarlberg and Salzburg, the local authorities of the mining areas concerned, the TransIT foundation and the University of Innsbruck, Austria.Moser, M.; Hye, S.; Goldenberg, G.; Hanke, K.; Kovács, K. (2010). Digital documentation and visualization of archaeological excavations and finds using 3D scanning technology. Virtual Archaeology Review. 1(2):143-147. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2010.4717OJS14314712AKCA, D. et al.: Recording and modeling of cultural heritage objects with coded structured light projection systems. In: 2nd International Conference on Remote Sensing in Archaeology, pp.375-382, Rome, Italy. December 4-7, 2006ALLEN, P. et al: Seeing into the past: creating a 3D modeling pipeline for archaeological visualization In: Proceedings. 2nd International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization and Transmission, 2004. 3DPVT 2004. ISBN: 0-7695-2223-8 pp. 751- 758CHAPMAN P. et al.: VENUS, Virtual ExploratioN of Underwater Sites. Proceeding of joint event CIPA / VAST / EG /Euro-Med 2006 in Nicosia, Cyprus. In: Ioannides M. et al (eds.) The e-volution of Information Communication Technology in Cultural Heritage. ISBN-10: 963 8046 73 2 ÖGOLDENBERG, G.; HYE, S.; KLAUNZER, M.: KG Zimmermoos, MG Brixlegg, VB Kufstein. Fundberichte Österreich 46, 2008, pp. 649- 650.ENGLISH HERTIAGE 2007: 3D Laser Scanning for Heritage - Advice and guidance to users on laser scanning in archaeology and architecture. Edited and brought to press by David M Jones, English Heritage PublishingHANKE, K.: The photogrammetric contribution to archaeological documentation of prehistory. Proceedings of the ISPRS Congress in Amsterdam. In: International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Vol. XXXIII Part 5 (2000)HANKE, K.: Contribution of Laser Scanning, Photogrammetry and GIS to an Interdisciplinary Special Research Program on the History of Mining Activities (SFB HIMAT) In: The ISPRS International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences Vol. XXXVI - 5/C53 (ISSN 1682-1750) and The CIPA International Archives for Documentation of Cultural Heritage Vol. XXI (2007) (ISSN 0256 - 1840).HANKE, Klaus; MOSER, Michael; GRIMM-PITZINGER, Albert; GOLDENBERG, Gert; TÖCHTERLE, Ulrike (2008): Enhanced potential for the analysis of archaeological finds based on 3D modeling. In: CHEN, Jun; JIANG, Jie; MAAS, Hans-Gerd: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B5. Beijing 2008. ISBN 1682-1750, Verlag ISPRS, Hannover - Istanbul [u.a.], S 187 - 191.REMONDINO, F.; EL-HAKIM, S., 2006: Image-based 3D modelling: a review. Photogrammetric Record, 21(115), pp. 269-291 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9730.2006.00383.xSABLATNIG, R.; MENARD, C., 1996. "Computer based acquisition of archaeological finds: the first step towards automatic classification", In: 3rd International Symposium on Computing and Archaeology, Rome, Vol. 1, pp. 429-446.KLAUNZER, M.; GOLDENBERG, G.; HYE, S.; TÖCHTERLE, U. .: KG Zimmermoos, MG Brixlegg, VB Kufstein. Fundberichte Österreich 47, 2009 (in press)

Information Integration in a Mining Landscape

The integration of information sources is a fundamental step to advance research and knowledge about the ancient mining landscape of Schwaz/Brixlegg in the Tyrol / Austria. The approach is applied for the localization, identification and interpretation of mining structures within the area. We want to show the use of the CIDOC CRM ontology with extensions in combination with a thesaurus to integrate data on a conceptual level. To implement this integration, we applied semantic web technologies to create a knowledge graph in RDF (Resource Description Framework) that currently represents the available information of seven different information sources in a network structure. More sources will be integrated using the same methodology. These are geochemical analysis of artefacts, onomastic research on names related to mining and archaeological information of other mining areas to research the spread of prehistoric mining activities and technologies. The RDF network can be queried for research, cultural or emergency response questions and the results can be displayed using Geoinformation systems. An exemplary archaeological research question is the location of mining, settlement and burial sites in the Bronze Age, differentiating between ore extraction, ore processing and smelting activities. For emergency forces the names and exact locations of mines are essential in case of an accident within an old mine. Different questions require a subset of the created knowledge graph. The results of queries to retrieve specific information can be visualised using appropriate tools

Miners and mining in the Late Bronze Age: a multidisciplinary study from Austria

The extraction and processing of metal ores, particularly those of copper and tin, are regarded as among the principal motors of Bronze Age society. The skills and risks of mining lie behind the weapons, tools and symbols that drove political and ideological change. But we hear much less about the miners themselves and their position in society. Who were these people? Were they rich and special, or expendable members of a hard-pressed workforce? In this study the spotlight moves from the adits, slags and furnaces to the bones and seeds, providing a sketch of dedicated prehistoric labourers in their habitat. The Mauken miners were largely dependent on imported meat and cereals, and scarcely hunted or foraged the resources of the local forest. They seem to be the servants of a command economy, encouraged to keep their minds on the jo

Effectiveness of manual therapies: the UK evidence report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The purpose of this report is to provide a succinct but comprehensive summary of the scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of manual treatment for the management of a variety of musculoskeletal and non-musculoskeletal conditions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The conclusions are based on the results of systematic reviews of randomized clinical trials (RCTs), widely accepted and primarily UK and United States evidence-based clinical guidelines, plus the results of all RCTs not yet included in the first three categories. The strength/quality of the evidence regarding effectiveness was based on an adapted version of the grading system developed by the US Preventive Services Task Force and a study risk of bias assessment tool for the recent RCTs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>By September 2009, 26 categories of conditions were located containing RCT evidence for the use of manual therapy: 13 musculoskeletal conditions, four types of chronic headache and nine non-musculoskeletal conditions. We identified 49 recent relevant systematic reviews and 16 evidence-based clinical guidelines plus an additional 46 RCTs not yet included in systematic reviews and guidelines.</p> <p>Additionally, brief references are made to other effective non-pharmacological, non-invasive physical treatments.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Spinal manipulation/mobilization is effective in adults for: acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain; migraine and cervicogenic headache; cervicogenic dizziness; manipulation/mobilization is effective for several extremity joint conditions; and thoracic manipulation/mobilization is effective for acute/subacute neck pain. The evidence is inconclusive for cervical manipulation/mobilization alone for neck pain of any duration, and for manipulation/mobilization for mid back pain, sciatica, tension-type headache, coccydynia, temporomandibular joint disorders, fibromyalgia, premenstrual syndrome, and pneumonia in older adults. Spinal manipulation is not effective for asthma and dysmenorrhea when compared to sham manipulation, or for Stage 1 hypertension when added to an antihypertensive diet. In children, the evidence is inconclusive regarding the effectiveness for otitis media and enuresis, and it is not effective for infantile colic and asthma when compared to sham manipulation.</p> <p>Massage is effective in adults for chronic low back pain and chronic neck pain. The evidence is inconclusive for knee osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, migraine headache, and premenstrual syndrome. In children, the evidence is inconclusive for asthma and infantile colic.</p

Brixlegg - Prehistoric Mining, Benefication and Smelting of Copper Ores

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Frühe Kupferproduktion in Nordtirol - Dynamik, Know-how und Wissenstransfer in der Vorgeschichte

(VLID)3242023Version of recor

Prähistorischer Fahlerzbergbau im Unterinntal : Montanarchäologische Befunde

Die Fahlerzlagerstätten von Schwaz/Brixlegg im Unterinntal zählen zu den größten Kupfererzvorkommen in den Alpen und bildeten bereits in der Frühbronzezeit(ca. 2200 bis 1700 AC) eine für die Kupfergewinnung wichtige Rohstoffquelle von überregionaler Bedeutung. Allerdings kann ein frühbronzezeitlicher Fahlerzbergbau hier bislang nur indirekt über Siedlungsbefunde sowie über vergleichende geochemische Analysen an Erzen, Schlacken und Fertigprodukten nachgewiesen werden. Dagegen liegt für den Fahlerzbergbau der späten Bronzezeit bis frühen Eisenzeit (ca.1250 bis 700 AC) eine Fülle von archäologischen Befunden vor, die die gesamte Produktionskette vom Erzabbau über die Aufbereitung bis hin zur Verhüttung umfassen und damit eine Rekonstruktion der prähistorischen Bergbauaktivitäten in ihrer Gesamtheit für diesen Zeitabschnitt ermöglichen. Der folgende Beitrag stellt eine Auswahl von montanarchäologischen Befunden vor und lässt die traditionsreiche Geschichte des Schwazer Bergbaus mehr als 2000 Jahre vor den ersten historischen Überlieferungen im späten Mittelalter und in der frühen Neuzeit beginnen.(VLID)3290343Version of recor