Solution and structural binding studies of phosphate with thiophene-based azamacrocycles

Two thiophene-based monocyclic receptors L1 and L2 have been studied for phosphate binding in solutions (D(2)O and DMSO-d(6)) by (1)H NMR and (31)P NMR titrations, and in the solid state by single crystal X-ray analysis. Results from (1)H NMR titrations suggest that the ligands bind phosphate anions in a 1:2 binding mode in DMSO-d(6), with the binding constants of 5.25 and 4.20 (in log K), respectively. The binding of phosphate to L1 and L2 was further supported by (31)P NMR in D(2)O at pH = 5.2. The crystal structure of the phosphate complex of L1 reveals unambiguous proof for the formation of a ditopic complex via multiple hydrogen bonds from NH···O and CH···O interactions

Using Market-Based Instruments to Enhance Climate Resilience

Each chapter will address one specific sub-theme out of the population of themes covered in the Major Reference Work: Water, Energy, Agriculture and Food Built environment and Infrastructure, Transport, Human health, Society, and Disaster