Immigration and Distribution of Wages in Austria

Using detailed micro data on earnings and employment, I analyze the effects of immigration on the wage distribution of native male workers in Austria. I find that immigration has heterogeneous effects on wages, differing by type of work as well as the wage level. While there are small , but insignificant, negative effects for blue collar workers at the lower end of the wage distribution there are positive effects on wages at higher percentiles. For white collar workers positive effects occur at most percentiles. The estimated effects of immigration are relatively small in size and not significant for most workers. Overall it seems that most of potentially adverse effects of immigration on natives' wages are offset by complementarities stemming from immigration of workers with different skill levels.Immigration, Labor market, Wage distribution

Immigration and Distribution of Wages in Austria

Using detailed micro data on earnings and employment, I analyze the effects of immigration on the wage distribution of native male workers in Austria. I find that immigration has heterogeneous effects on wages, differing by type of work as well as the wage level. While there are small , but insignificant, negative effects for blue collar workers at the lower end of the wage distribution there are positive effects on wages at higher percentiles. For white collar workers positive effects occur at most percentiles. The estimated effects of immigration are relatively small in size and not significant for most workers. Overall it seems that most of potentially adverse effects of immigration on natives' wages are offset by complementarities stemming from immigration of workers with different skill levels.Immigration, Labor market, Wage distribution

Great Expectations: Past Wages and Unemployment Durations

Decomposing wages into worker and firm wage components, we find that firm-fixed components (firm rents) are sizeable parts of workers' wages. If workers can only imperfectly observe the extent of firm rents in their wages, they might be mislead about the overall wage distribution. Such misperceptions may lead to unjustified high reservation wages, resulting in overly long unemployment durations. We examine the infuence of previous wages on unemployment durations for workers after exogenous lay-offs and, using Austrian administrative data, we find that younger workers are, in fact, unemployed longer if they profited from high firm rents in the past. We interpret our findings as evidence for overconfidence generated by imperfectly observed productivity.Unemployment, Job Search, Overconfidence

Great Expectations: Past Wages and Unemployment Durations

Decomposing wages into worker and firm wage components, we find that firm-fixed components (firm rents) are sizeable parts of workers' wages. If workers can only imperfectly observe the extent of firm rents in their wages, they might be mislead about the overall wage distribution. Such misperceptions may lead to unjustified high reservation wages, resulting in overly long unemployment durations. We examine the infuence of previous wages on unemployment durations for workers after exogenous lay-offs and, using Austrian administrative data, we find that younger workers are, in fact, unemployed longer if they profited from high firm rents in the past. We interpret our findings as evidence for overconfidence generated by imperfectly observed productivity.Unemployment, Job Search, Overconfidence

Modeling demographics and life-cycle details in models of overlapping generations

Diese Diplomarbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Implementierung realistischer Demographie in Modellen überlappender Generationen (OLG-Modelle). Einfache OLG-Modelle basieren oft auf sehr restriktiven Annahmen bezüglich ihrer demographischen Struktur und können daher keine hinreichend realistischen Lebenszyklen abbilden. Angesichts der Veränderungen in der Altersstruktur der Bevölkerung industrialisierter Länder gewinnt die Berücksichtigung demographischer Analysen an Bedeutung. Lässt man diese Veränderungen außer Acht, kann eine ökonomische Analyse zu falschen bzw. unpräzisen Schlussfolgerungen führen. Deswegen sollten demographischer Realismus und detaillierte Lebenszyklen in Modellen berücksichtigt werden, die zur ökonomischen Analyse verwendet werden (Bommier und Lee, Seite 138). In dieser Diplomarbeit präsentiere und vergleiche ich verschieden OLG-Modelle im Hinblick auf deren Fähigkeit, realistische Demographie und Lebenszyklen abzubilden. Am Anfang steht dabei das einfache OLG Modell von Samuelson (1958) und Diamond (1965). Davon ausgehend präsentiere ich verschiedene Ansätze realistischere Demographie zu modellieren. Der erste Schritt zu mehr Realismus ist die Implementierung individueller Lebensunsicherheit im Modell von Blanchard (1989) und Yaari (1965), in dem eine konstante Sterbewahrscheinlichkeit angenommen wird. Die wenig zufrieden stellenden Ergebnisse einer altersunabhängigen Lebenserwartung und Konsumneigung werden im Modell von Gertler (1999) verbessert, in dem individuelle Lebensunsicherheit mit der Modellierung zweier Lebensabschnitte kombiniert wird. In ihrem Probabilistic Aging Modell (PA-Modell) verbessern Grafenhofer et al. (2006) Gertlers Modell, indem sie weitere Lebensabschnitte einführen und damit den Grad an Diversität zwischen den Menschen der Ökonomie erhöhen. Li und Tuljapurkar (2004) entwickeln ein Modell mit altersabhängigem Sterberisiko, indem sie die Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung des „Sterbealters“ in Blanchards Modell implementieren. Schließlich analysieren Hock und Weil (2006) die Wechselwirkung zwischen Fertilität und der Altersstruktur der Bevölkerung in einem einfachen OLG Modell, in dem der Übergang zwischen den Lebensabschnitten analog zum PA-Modell modelliert ist.This thesis deals with the issue of realistic demographic structures in Models of Overlapping Generations (OLG). Basic OLG models are often built on very restrictive demographic assumptions and are not able to represent realistic human economic life-cycle details to a high degree. Facing changing population age structures in most industrialized countries, the issue of proper demographic analysis becomes very important. Leaving these changes aside economic analysis can lead to false or imprecise conclusions. Therefore attention should be paid to realistic representation of demographics and life cycle details in models used for economic analysis (Bommier and Lee, page 138). In this thesis I present and compare different OLG frameworks focusing on their representation of demographics and life cycle details. Starting with the basic OLG model developed by Samuelson (1958) and Diamond (1965) I show different approaches of modelling realistic mortality patterns. The first step towards more realism in OLG models is the introduction of individual life time uncertainty by Blanchard (1989) and Yaari (1965) assuming a constant risk of death throughout life. Blanchard’s somewhat unsatisfying result of age-independent life-expectancy and consumption behaviour is improved by Gertler (1999) combining individual life time uncertainty with the introduction of two different life-stages. In their Probabilistic Aging model (PA Model) Grafenhofer et al. (2006) further improve Gertler’s framework to a higher number of life stages and therefore generating a higher degree of heterogeneity among people within the economy. Li and Tuljapurkar (2004) develop an age-dependent mortality approach by incorporating a probability distribution of age at death to Blanchard’s framework and are so able to let changing life expectancy and changing life time uncertainty affect individuals’ behaviour. Finally Hock and Weil (2006) analyze the interaction of fertility and the population age-structure using a very simple OLG model with probabilistic transition between different life stages

Bacterial curli protein promotes the conversion of PAP248-286 into the amyloid SEVI: cross-seeding of dissimilar amyloid sequences

Fragments of prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP248-286) in human semen dramatically increase HIV infection efficiency by increasing virus adhesion to target cells. PAP248-286 only enhances HIV infection in the form of amyloid aggregates termed SEVI (Semen Enhancer of Viral Infection), however monomeric PAP248-286 aggregates very slowly in isolation. It has therefore been suggested that SEVI fiber formation in vivo may be promoted by exogenous factors. We show here that a bacterially-produced extracellular amyloid (curli or Csg) acts as a catalytic agent for SEVI formation from PAP248-286 at low concentrations in vitro, producing fibers that retain the ability to enhance HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. Kinetic analysis of the cross-seeding effect shows an unusual pattern. Cross-seeding PAP248-286 with curli only moderately affects the nucleation rate while significantly enhancing the growth of fibers from existing nuclei. This pattern is in contrast to most previous observations of cross-seeding, which show cross-seeding partially bypasses the nucleation step but has little effect on fiber elongation. Seeding other amyloidogenic proteins (IAPP (islet amyloid polypeptide) and Aβ1−40) with curli showed varied results. Curli cross-seeding decreased the lag-time of IAPP amyloid formation but strongly inhibited IAPP elongation. Curli cross-seeding exerted a complicated concentration dependent effect on Aβ1−40 fibrillogenesis kinetics. Combined, these results suggest that the interaction of amyloidogenic proteins with preformed fibers of a different type can take a variety of forms and is not limited to epitaxial nucleation between proteins of similar sequence. The ability of curli fibers to interact with proteins of dissimilar sequences suggests cross-seeding may be a more general phenomenon than previously supposed

ARDD 2020: from aging mechanisms to interventions

Aging is emerging as a druggable target with growing interest from academia, industry and investors. New technologies such as artificial intelligence and advanced screening techniques, as well as a strong influence from the industry sector may lead to novel discoveries to treat age-related diseases. The present review summarizes presentations from the 7th Annual Aging Research and Drug Discovery (ARDD) meeting, held online on the 1st to 4th of September 2020. The meeting covered topics related to new methodologies to study aging, knowledge about basic mechanisms of longevity, latest interventional strategies to target the aging process as well as discussions about the impact of aging research on society and economy. More than 2000 participants and 65 speakers joined the meeting and we already look forward to an even larger meeting next year. Please mark your calendars for the 8th ARDD meeting that is scheduled for the 31st of August to 3rd of September, 2021, at Columbia University, USA

Research and Design of a Routing Protocol in Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks

无线传感器网络，作为全球未来十大技术之一，集成了传感器技术、嵌入式计算技术、分布式信息处理和自组织网技术，可实时感知、采集、处理、传输网络分布区域内的各种信息数据，在军事国防、生物医疗、环境监测、抢险救灾、防恐反恐、危险区域远程控制等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。 本文研究分析了无线传感器网络的已有路由协议，并针对大规模的无线传感器网络设计了一种树状路由协议，它根据节点地址信息来形成路由，从而简化了复杂繁冗的路由表查找和维护，节省了不必要的开销，提高了路由效率，实现了快速有效的数据传输。 为支持此路由协议本文提出了一种自适应动态地址分配算——ADAR（AdaptiveDynamicAddre...As one of the ten high technologies in the future, wireless sensor network, which is the integration of micro-sensors, embedded computing, modern network and Ad Hoc technologies, can apperceive, collect, process and transmit various information data within the region. It can be used in military defense, biomedical, environmental monitoring, disaster relief, counter-terrorism, remote control of haz...学位：工学硕士院系专业：信息科学与技术学院通信工程系_通信与信息系统学号：2332007115216

Essays in applied labor economics

Umfangreiche Datensätze, die die Gesamtheit von Beschäftigten und Unternehmen eines Landes umfassen, ermöglichen detaillierte Analysen komplexer Arbeitsmarktaspekte, die üblicher Weise reichhaltige Informationen von (idealer Weise) vollständigen Arbeitsmarkthistorien von Einkommen und individuellen Phasen von Beschäftigung und Arbeitslosigkeit voraussetzen. Die Möglichkeit Beschäftigte zu ihren Beschäftigerbetrieben zu verknüpfen ermöglicht es der Wissenschaft beide Seiten des Arbeitsmarktes - jene der Beschäftigten wie jene der Unternehmen - bei der Analyse verschiedener Arbeitsmarktaspekte direkt zu berücksichtigen. Diese Dissertation verwendet eine umfangreiche Sozialversicherungsdatenbank, die sämtliche unselbständig Beschäftigten in Österreich beinhaltet. Die einzelnen Kapitel überspannen ein weites Themenfeld. Das erste Kapitel analysiert den Effekt früherer Einkommen auf die Suchdauer Arbeitsloser. Das zweite Kapitel analysiert den Effekt von Immigration entlang der Lohnverteilung in Österreich. Im dritten Kapitel wird der Frage nach den Ursachen und Auswirkungen der nicht-zufälligen Verteilung von im Ausland Geborenen auf Firmenebene nachgegangen. Das letzte Kapitel analysiert den Einfluss von Firmen auf das Pensionsantrittsalter ihrer Belegschaft.Large scale employer employee datasets covering entire populations of workers within a country allow for detailed analysis of complex labor market issues that usually require rich information on (ideally) complete labor market histories of earnings as well as individual periods of employment or unemployment. The possibility to link workers' employment histories to their employers allows researchers to take both sides of the labor market - the worker as well as the employer - directly into consideration when investigating different labor market phenomena. This thesis makes use of a large social security database that covers the universe of workers in Austria that are covered by mandatroy social security contribution payments. The thesis covers a wide range of topics. The first chapter investigates how previous wage levels affect workers' job search behaviour. Chapter 2 analyzes the effects of immigration on the wage distribution of native male workers in Austria. Chapter 3 takes a closer look at the causes and consequences the non-random segregation of foreign workers at the firm level by analyzing the effect of a firm's workforce composition by birthplace on workers' wages. The final chapter focuses on the influence of firms on workers' retirement age.eingereicht von: Gerard Thomas HorvathAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersLinz, Univ., Diss., 2015OeBB(VLID)133362

Great Expectations: Past Wages and Unemployment Durations

Decomposing wages into worker and firm wage components, we find that firm-fixed components (firm rents) are sizeable parts of workers' wages. If workers can only imperfectly observe the extent of firm rents in their wages, they might be mislead about the overall wage distribution. Such misperceptions may lead to unjustified high reservation wages, resulting in overly long unemployment durations. We examine the influence of previous wages on unemployment durations for workers after exogenous lay-offs and, using Austrian administrative data, we find that younger workers are, in fact, unemployed longer if they profited from high firm rents in the past. We interpret our findings as evidence for overconfidence generated by imperfectly observed productivity.Job Search; Overconfidence; Unemployment