Хирургическое лечение эпидермоидных кист около стволовой локализации

КИСТА ЭПИДЕРМОИДНАЯ /ХИ

Heterogeneity in reproductive success explained by individual differences in bite rate and mass change

10.1093/beheco/arv209Allocation of resources to current reproduction may reduce future reproduction, growth, and survival, but individual heterogeneity in resource acquisition may obscure this fitness cost. In capital breeders, heterogeneity in reproductive success is often related to body mass or condition, underlining the importance of stored reserves for reproduction. Heterogeneity in the rate of resource acquisition could also affect reproduction. Resource acquisition depends on food intake, but the effects of individual foraging rate on mass gain and reproductive success in wild herbivorous mammals are unknown. We measured how individual bite rate affected mass change and reproductive success of 55 female eastern gray kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) over 2 years. Females with faster bite rate had greater subsequent mass gain, leading to greater offspring survival. In one of 2 years, bite rate directly increased juvenile survival to 8 months. Bite rate appeared to have a direct effect on survival to weaning for young born to females with above-average mass gain, particularly for females in better body condition. Independent of bite rate, individual mass change explained most of the variation in offspring survival. We found a weak positive effect of body condition on reproductive success, suggesting that condition affected reproductive success through its effect on mass change and bite rate. Kangaroos appeared to combine income and capital breeding strategies to deal with internal and external constraints on resource allocation. Our study underlines the importance of accounting for different sources of individual heterogeneity that may affect trade-offs among life-history traits, with important consequences for population dynamics and the evolution of reproductive strategies

Individual heterogeneity and offspring sex affect the growth-reproduction trade-off in a mammal with indeterminate growth

Reproduction can lead to a trade-off with growth, particularly when individuals reproduce before completing body growth. Kangaroos have indeterminate growth and may always face this trade-off. We combined an experimental manipulation of reproductive effort and multi-year monitoring of a large sample size of marked individuals in two populations of eastern grey kangaroos to test the predictions (1) that reproduction decreases skeletal growth and mass gain and (2) that mass loss leads to reproductive failure. We also tested if sex-allocation strategies influenced these trade-offs. Experimental reproductive suppression revealed negative effects of reproduction on mass gain and leg growth from 1 year to the next. Unmanipulated females, however, showed a positive correlation between number of days lactating and leg growth over periods of 2 years and longer, suggesting that over the long term, reproductive costs were masked by individual heterogeneity in resource acquisition. Mass gain was necessary for reproductive success the subsequent year. Although mothers of daughters generally lost more mass than females nursing sons, mothers in poor condition experienced greater mass gain and arm growth if they had daughters than if they had sons. The strong links between individual mass changes and reproduction suggest that reproductive tactics are strongly resource-dependent

Impact of hybridization between sika and red deer on phenotypic traits of the newborn and mother–young relationships

International audienceThe removal of pre-existing geographical barriers between species, notably by humans, allows previously isolated species to hybridize. Interspecies hybridization has been studied at different levels but the mother-young relationship, which is crucial for the offspring's survival, has not been investigated in large wild mammals. We compared the establishment of the mother-young relationship at birth and during the first week of life and the morphological development of the young in red deer, Cervus elaphus, sika deer, Cervus nippon, and their hybrids (male nippon x female elaphus). Most mother-young behaviours did not differ between the three groups, showing strong conservation of peripartum behaviours in cervids. In contrast, the behaviour and body size of the hybrid young were similar or tended to be close to those found in the maternal species, suggesting important maternal effects. In addition, hybrid young were more likely to be standing during the first week than young from the other groups, possibly resulting from increased maternal stimulation and/or hybrid vigour. Adult females in the herd were more likely to perform smell-related and agonistic behaviours towards the hybrid young, suggesting potential species recognition issues, which require further investigation. In conclusion, our findings show that hybridization has no noticeable impact on the mother-young relationship, which could partly explain the success of hybridization between the sika and red deer in the wild. (C) 2019 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Anthropogenic and natural drivers of gene flow in a temperate wild fruit tree : a basis for conservation and breeding programs in apples

Gene flow is an essential component of population adaptation and species evolution. Understanding of the natural and anthropogenic factors affecting gene flow is also critical for the development of appropriate management, breeding, and conservation programs. Here, we explored the natural and anthropogenic factors impacting crop-to-wild and within wild gene flow in apples in Europe using an unprecedented dense sampling of 1889 wild apple (Malus sylvestris) from European forests and 339 apple cultivars (Malus domestica). We made use of genetic, environmental, and ecological data (microsatellite markers, apple production across landscapes and records of apple flower visitors, respectively). We provide the first evidence that both human activities, through apple production, and human disturbance, through modifications of apple flower visitor diversity, have had a significant impact on crop-to-wild interspecific introgression rates. Our analysis also revealed the impact of previous natural climate change on historical gene flow in the nonintrogressed wild apple M.sylvestris, by identifying five distinct genetic groups in Europe and a north-south gradient of genetic diversity. These findings identify human activities and climate as key drivers of gene flow in a wild temperate fruit tree and provide a practical basis for conservation, agroforestry, and breeding programs for apples in Europe

Maternal care toward an interspecific hybrid: how genetic differences may affect the establishment of mother-young bonding and their potential insights into conservation

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