The digestive system of the fungus-feeding, subsocial thrips Suocerathrips linguis Mound & Marullo, 1994 (Phlaeothripidae, Thysanoptera)

Mit über 3100 beschriebenen Arten bildet die Unterordnung Tubulifera den größten Anteil der Thysanopteren. Im Gegensatz zu den Terebrantia, welche sich überwiegend durch eine pflanzensaftsaugende Lebensweise auszeichnen, ernähren sich viele Vertreter der Tubulifera-Unterfamilien Idolothripinae und Phlaeothripinae von Pilzsporen und –hyphen. Viele der phytosugen Thripsarten sind durch den Saugvorgang per se und die Übertragung von Viren, Bakterien und Pilzen und den daraus resultierenden wirtschaftlichen Schäden in Bezug auf ihre Lebens- und Ernährungsweise, Anatomie und Morphologie sehr gut untersucht und in Übersichtswerken dargestellt (Lewis 1973, 1997, Moritz 2006). Ebenso liegen für diese Arten systematische Betrachtungen und moderne Bestimmungsschlüssel vor (Moritz & al. 2001, 2004, Zur Strassen 2003). Entsprechende Arbeiten an Vertretern der Phlaeothripidae sind jedoch weit weniger umfassend. Zwar liegen verschiedene Untersuchungen zur Sozialität gallbildender, australischer Phlaeothripiden (Crespi 1992, Kranz & al. 1999, 2001), sowie zu deren Reproduktion (Chapmann & al. 2000, Moritz 2002) und zur chemischen Verteidigung (Suzuki 2004, Tschuch & al. 2004, 2005) vor, jedoch fehlen vergleichende Untersuchungen zur pilzfressenden Lebensweise und damit verbundenen Anpassungen des Ernährungssystems. Der Phlaeothripide Suocerathrips linguis lebt ausschließlich auf Sansevierien, die zwar als Wirts-, jedoch nicht als Nahrungspflanzen dienen. Die ca. 2 – 3 mm großen, einheitlich dunkel pigmentierten und auffällig dorsoventral abgeflachten Tiere leben in Aggregationen hunderter Individuen aller Ontogenesestadien und betreiben Brutpflege. Durch interessante, z.T. soziale Verhaltensweisen (Moritz 2002, Tschuch & al. 2004), eine für Phlaeothripidae relativ unkomplizierte Laborhaltung und den niedrigen Erkenntnisstand im Hinblick auf diese Familie bietet sich die vorliegende Art als Versuchstier an. Die Untersuchungen sollen zum einen mögliche Unterschiede zwischen Phlaeothripidae und Thripidae an sich, aber auch potentielle Anpassungen des Ernährungssystems von S. linguis an eine mycophage Ernährungsweise aufzeigen.In contrast to plant feeding thrips species, Suocerathrips linguis lives on succulent Sansevieria leaves and feeds on fungi which grow on the surface of the leaves. The digestive system consists of a straight tube and differs from all terebrantian species in having not a mid gut loop with three histologically different parts. The hind gut bears five rectal glands, a feature which has only been described for the two small families Melanthripidae and Aeolothripidae

Day treatment: development of a model program and determination of its effects on 13-21 year olds

For decades there has been a need in communities to provide a collaborative series of services to the emotionally and behaviorally disordered adolescent. These services need to be provided in a lesser restrictive environment other than a residential setting but more restrictive that a mainstream educational setting. In this completed study, the purpose was to describe an ecological treatment program for Behavior Disorder/Severely Emotionally Disturbed adolescents. The question, How did the development of this type of treatment program come about and how did the effects of the program make the coordinated efforts of various local agencies a state and national model? was answered. The major outcomes were cost efficiency, youth being able to remain in the local community, and the effectiveness of a multi-disciplinary approach;The research questions and the subsidiary questions were suggested by a collaborative effort in attempting to develop a day treatment program bringing together a multi-disciplinary team to address the educational and family needs of the emotionally and behaviorally disordered adolescent from the ages of 13--21. This study focused on the collaborative efforts to establish a lesser restrictive environment, but at the same time to be restrictive enough to produce effective outcomes for the students;Heaviest reliance for evidence in the study was placed on two sources: relevant literature pertaining to the needs for this type of programming, and the local community in which this type of program was developed. The collaborative nature in which this research was conducted and the resulting development of a new model for serving BD/SED have led to the formation of a planning committee that is responsible for developing and implementing the new model based on this study

Stance Taking as a Marker of Identity in Bilingual Hispanic Millennials

The analysis of stance taking in discourse has several implications about the expression of the identity of the speaker by means of sentence formation consistent with patterns among members of a speech community. This study focuses on the ways in which speakers that are considered a part of the millennial generation (birth dates between 1982 and 2004) express their identity as US-born Latino heritage speakers. Through an analysis of previous case studies, pre-recorded individual interviews of the target group, and research in the field of stance taking, I outline the ways in which a speaker can use stance to express attitudes towards both languages

Scaling laws in the spatial structure of urban road networks

The urban road networks of the 20 largest German cities have been analysed, based on a detailed database providing the geographical positions as well as the travel-times for network sizes up to 37,000 nodes and 87,000 links. As the human driver recognises travel-times rather than distances, faster roads appear to be 'shorter' than slower ones. The resulting metric space has an effective dimension d>2, which is a significant measure of the heterogeneity of road speeds. We found that traffic strongly concentrates on only a small fraction of the roads. The distribution of vehicular flows over the roads obeys a power law, indicating a clear hierarchical order of the roads. Studying the cellular structure of the areas enclosed by the roads, the distribution of cell sizes is scale invariant as well

A semifluorinated alkane (F4H5) as novel carrier for cyclosporine A: a promising therapeutic and prophylactic option for topical treatment of dry eye

Cyclosporine A (Cs) has been used as effective topical therapy for inflammatory dry eye disease since more than a decade. However, due to its lipophilic character, Cs is formulated as emulsions or oily solutions for topical application. This experimental study aimed to test if the use of semifluorinated alkanes (SFAs) as a preservative-free, well-tolerated non-stinging or burning vehicle maintains or even improves the benefits of Cs in the topical therapy of dry-eye disease. Desiccating stress was applied to C57BL/6 mice for 14 consecutive days to induce experimental dry-eye. Cs dissolved in SFA (perfluorobutylpentane = F4H5with 0.5% Ethanol), F4H5 with 0.5% ethanol only, 0.05% Cs (RestasisA (R)), and dexamethasone (MonodexA (R)) were applied three times daily beginning either at day 4 or day 11 of desiccating stress for up to 3 weeks after end of dry-eye induction. In comparison to other groups, Cs/F4H5 demonstrated high efficacy and earlier reduction of corneal staining. In this study, Cs/F4H5 had the ability to maintain conjunctival goblet cell density once applied on day 4. Flow cytometry analysis from cervical lymphnodes demonstrated a significantly lower CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the Cs/F4H5 group following 3 weeks of therapy than at baseline, but no difference in regulatory T cells from regional lymphnodes were seen. Overall, compared to a commercially available Cs formulation (RestasisA (R)) and dexamethasone, Cs/F4H5 was shown to be equally effective but with a significantly faster therapeutic response in reducing signs of dry-eye disease in an experimental mouse model

β1 Integrins Are Critically Involved in Neutrophil Locomotion in Extravascular Tissue In Vivo

Recruitment of leukocytes from blood to tissue in inflammation requires the function of specific cell surface adhesion molecules. The objective of this study was to identify adhesion molecules that are involved in polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) locomotion in extravascular tissue in vivo. Extravasation and interstitial tissue migration of PMNs was induced in the rat mesentery by chemotactic stimulation with platelet-activating factor (PAF; 10−7 M). Intravital time-lapse videomicroscopy was used to analyze migration velocity of the activated PMNs, and the modulatory influence on locomotion of locally administered antibodies or peptides recognizing various integrin molecules was examined. Immunofluorescence flow cytometry revealed increased expression of α4, β1, and β2 integrins on extravasated PMNs compared with blood PMNs. Median migration velocity in response to PAF stimulation was 15.5 ± 4.5 μm/min (mean ± SD). Marked reduction (67 ± 7%) in motility was observed after treatment with mAb blocking β1 integrin function (VLA integrins), whereas there was little, although significant, reduction (22 ± 13%) with β2 integrin mAb. Antibodies or integrin-binding peptides recognizing α4β1, α5β1, or αvβ3 were ineffective in modulating migration velocity

Olive pomace phenolic compounds: from an agro-industrial by-product to a promising ocular surface protection for dry eye disease

Producción CientíficaDry eye (DED) is a prevalent disease with immune-mediated inflammation as the principal pathophysiological etiology. Olive pomace, the major by-product of the olive oil industry, is rich in high-value polyphenols. Their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities were determined on human CD4+ T cells (hTCD4+) and in a DED animal model. The viability of hTCD4+ cells isolated from peripheral blood and activated with phytohemagglutinin-M was evaluated after treatment for 48 h with an olive pomace extract (OPT3, 0.10–0.40 mg/mL) and its major compound, hydroxytyrosol (25–100 μM). Regarding the DED animal model, 100 μM hydroxytyrosol, 0.20 mg/mL OPT3, or vehicle (borate buffer) were topically administered to 14 days-desiccating stress-exposed (constant airflow/scopolamine administration) C57BL/6 mice. Tear volume, corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), CD4+, and CD8+ T cell count in lymph nodes (flow cytometry), and IP-10 and TNF-α gene expression (qRT-PCR) in the cornea, conjunctiva, and lacrimal glands were evaluated. OPT3 (0.2–0.4 mg/mL) and hydroxytyrosol (100 μM) significantly reduced hTCD4+ proliferation. In mice, both treatments reduced lacrimal gland IP-10 gene expression. OPT3 also decreased CFS, and conjunctival IP-10 and corneal TNF-α gene expression. In lymph nodes, hydroxytyrosol reduced CD3+, OPT3, and CD8+ count. Thus, a high-value application as a promising DED protection was proposed for olive pomace.European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Initial Training Network (ITN) “IT-DED3” (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2017) grant agreement No. 765608Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (RTI2018-094071-B-C21

A deimmunised form of the ribotoxin, α-sarcin, lacking CD4+ T cell epitopes and its use as an immunotoxin warhead

Fungal ribotoxins that block protein synthesis can be useful warheads in the context of a targeted immunotoxin. α-Sarcin is a small (17 kDa) fungal ribonuclease produced by Aspergillus giganteus that functions by catalytically cleaving a single phosphodiester bond in the sarcin–ricin loop of the large ribosomal subunit, thus making the ribosome unrecognisable to elongation factors and leading to inhibition of protein synthesis. Peptide mapping using an ex vivo human T cell assay determined that α-sarcin contained two T cell epitopes; one in the N-terminal 20 amino acids and the other in the C-terminal 20 amino acids. Various mutations were tested individually within each epitope and then in combination to isolate deimmunised α-sarcin variants that had the desired properties of silencing T cell epitopes and retention of the ability to inhibit protein synthesis (equivalent to wild-type, WT α-sarcin). A deimmunised variant (D9T/Q142T) demonstrated a complete lack of T cell activation in in vitro whole protein human T cell assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from donors with diverse HLA allotypes. Generation of an immunotoxin by fusion of the D9T/Q142T variant to a single-chain Fv targeting Her2 demonstrated potent cell killing equivalent to a fusion protein comprising the WT α-sarcin. These results represent the first fungal ribotoxin to be deimmunised with the potential to construct a new generation of deimmunised immunotoxin therapeutics