Diseases related to air conditioned environment

Bolesti i razni poremećaji koji se javljaju kao posljedica boravka u klimatiziranim prostorima nisu dovoljno naglašeni u suvremenom svijetu. Zdravlje kao najbitnija sastavnica ljudskog života predstavlja imperativ u svakodnevnom načinu življenja. Danas su klimatizirani prostori neizostavni dio modernog načina rada i ugodnog boravka. Klimatizacijski uređaji su postali standardni uređaji u radnim prostorima, osobnim automobilima, industrijskim pogonima, školama i obiteljskim domovima. Klimatizacijske uređaje koji rade u zatvorenim prostorima i objektima moramo prihvatiti kao blagodat suvremene civilizacije koja omogućava i osigurava povoljne klimatske uvjete u tim prostorima. Preporučene vrijednosti temperature i vlažnosti zraka u klimatiziranim prostorima pozitivno djeluju na zdravstveno stanje osoba koje u njima borave, iako postoje i opasnosti koje se mogu negativno odraziti na ljudsko zdravlje. Najčešći razlozi opasnosti proizlaze iz neadekvatnog čišćenja i servisiranja klimatizacijskih uređaja. Respiracijski sustav je organski sustav koji je osjetljiv na brojne čimbenike okoliša. Kontaminirani aerosol u klimatiziranim prostorima osnovni je put prenošenja bakterija, gljivica, virusa, grinja i raznih alergena koji se zadržavaju u vlažnim i zatamnjenim dijelovima uređaja. Među njima najopasnija je bakterija Legionella pneumophila. Uzročnici koji se prenose putem kontaminiranog aerosola su najčešći uzročnici alergijskih i respiratornih bolesti koje povezujemo sa klimatizacijskim uređajima. U ovom preglednom radu su obrađene najčešće bolesti koje se povezuju sa klimatizacijskim uređajima, od alergijskih reakcija do teških pneumonija izazvanih bakterijama i gljivicama.The diseases and various health disorders that are caused by staying in air conditioned areas are not sufficiently emphasized in modern lifestyle. Health as the most important component of human life is the imperative in everyday lifestyle. Nowadays, the air conditioned areas cannot be avoided in modern work as part of pleasant staying indoors. The air conditioners became standard at the work place, in cars, industry, schools and family homes. They are accepted as benefit of modern civilization that enables and ensures stabile and favorable conditions in the areas where those are installed. Recommended temperature values and humidity at air conditioned areas have positive health impact on humans, although there are some negative effects on overall health. Respiratory system is quite exposed to various causes of diseases. The contaminated aerosol at the air conditioned area is the most common way for transfer of bacteria, fungi, viruses, mites and various allergens that are retained in the damp and tinted areas. Among them, the most dangerous is the bacterium of Legionella pneumophila. The causes of the diseases transmitted through contaminated aerosol are the most common cause of allergic and respiratory diseases connected with air conditioners. The purpose of this thesis is to present the most common diseases connected to the use of the air conditioners; from allergies to severe pneumonia caused by bacteria and fungi

Diseases related to air conditioned environment

Bolesti i razni poremećaji koji se javljaju kao posljedica boravka u klimatiziranim prostorima nisu dovoljno naglašeni u suvremenom svijetu. Zdravlje kao najbitnija sastavnica ljudskog života predstavlja imperativ u svakodnevnom načinu življenja. Danas su klimatizirani prostori neizostavni dio modernog načina rada i ugodnog boravka. Klimatizacijski uređaji su postali standardni uređaji u radnim prostorima, osobnim automobilima, industrijskim pogonima, školama i obiteljskim domovima. Klimatizacijske uređaje koji rade u zatvorenim prostorima i objektima moramo prihvatiti kao blagodat suvremene civilizacije koja omogućava i osigurava povoljne klimatske uvjete u tim prostorima. Preporučene vrijednosti temperature i vlažnosti zraka u klimatiziranim prostorima pozitivno djeluju na zdravstveno stanje osoba koje u njima borave, iako postoje i opasnosti koje se mogu negativno odraziti na ljudsko zdravlje. Najčešći razlozi opasnosti proizlaze iz neadekvatnog čišćenja i servisiranja klimatizacijskih uređaja. Respiracijski sustav je organski sustav koji je osjetljiv na brojne čimbenike okoliša. Kontaminirani aerosol u klimatiziranim prostorima osnovni je put prenošenja bakterija, gljivica, virusa, grinja i raznih alergena koji se zadržavaju u vlažnim i zatamnjenim dijelovima uređaja. Među njima najopasnija je bakterija Legionella pneumophila. Uzročnici koji se prenose putem kontaminiranog aerosola su najčešći uzročnici alergijskih i respiratornih bolesti koje povezujemo sa klimatizacijskim uređajima. U ovom preglednom radu su obrađene najčešće bolesti koje se povezuju sa klimatizacijskim uređajima, od alergijskih reakcija do teških pneumonija izazvanih bakterijama i gljivicama.The diseases and various health disorders that are caused by staying in air conditioned areas are not sufficiently emphasized in modern lifestyle. Health as the most important component of human life is the imperative in everyday lifestyle. Nowadays, the air conditioned areas cannot be avoided in modern work as part of pleasant staying indoors. The air conditioners became standard at the work place, in cars, industry, schools and family homes. They are accepted as benefit of modern civilization that enables and ensures stabile and favorable conditions in the areas where those are installed. Recommended temperature values and humidity at air conditioned areas have positive health impact on humans, although there are some negative effects on overall health. Respiratory system is quite exposed to various causes of diseases. The contaminated aerosol at the air conditioned area is the most common way for transfer of bacteria, fungi, viruses, mites and various allergens that are retained in the damp and tinted areas. Among them, the most dangerous is the bacterium of Legionella pneumophila. The causes of the diseases transmitted through contaminated aerosol are the most common cause of allergic and respiratory diseases connected with air conditioners. The purpose of this thesis is to present the most common diseases connected to the use of the air conditioners; from allergies to severe pneumonia caused by bacteria and fungi

Economic Evaluation of CPD Activities for Healthcare Professionals: A Scoping Review

CONTEXT: Continuing Professional Development (CPD) activities for healthcare professionals are central to the optimization of patient safety and person-centred care. Although there is some evidence on the economics of healthcare professionals training, very little is known about the costs and benefits of CPD. METHODS: This study aimed to review the research evidence on economic evaluations of CPD activities for healthcare professionals. CINAHL, MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, Econlit, and Web of Science databases were used to identify articles published between 2010 and 2021. RESULTS: Of the 6791 titles identified, 119 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this scoping review. The majority of articles were partial economic evaluations of CPD programmes (n = 70), half were from the USA. Studies that included multiple professions were most prevalent (n = 54), followed by nurses (n = 34) and doctors (n = 23). Patient outcomes were the most commonly reported outcome (n = 51), followed by change in clinical practice (n = 38), and healthcare professionals’ knowledge gain (n = 19). CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent call for more evidence regarding the economic evaluations of CPD. This is particularly important in view of the rising costs of healthcare globally. The majority of studies included in this review did not provide detailed information on the evaluations and many focused exclusively on the cost of CPD activities rather than outcomes

Development of a European Centre of Excellence (Coe) for Research in Continuing Professional Development (UPGRADE)

The European Centre of Excellence (CoE) for Research in Continuing Professional Development (UPGRADE) is a pan-European network of researchers, clinicians, regulators, educators, and professional bodies, established in 2020 through a consensus group of experts, who defined its mission, vision, values, aims and objectives. The Centre’s aim is to advance the science of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for healthcare professionals through research and dissemination of best practices for CPD. Debate among UPGRADE partners and interchange of research data will yield best practices across countries to optimise quality CPD programmes. Collaboration, information exchange and communication among CPD experts will be facilitated through UPGRADE via an online Community of Inquiry (CoI). UPGRADE aims to evolve as a driving force network of academics and health professional leaders in research, education, professional regulation, and clinical practice whose collaborative work ensures quality and safe person-centred care. UPGRADE members are from 22 European countries, represented by strategic leaders in diverse sectors of health, policy, academia, and professional organisations. Three research-working groups constitute the pillars of UPGRADE, which addresses gaps in research, collect and create critical databases, and solidify the effectiveness of CPD

Diseases related to air conditioned environment

Bolesti i razni poremećaji koji se javljaju kao posljedica boravka u klimatiziranim prostorima nisu dovoljno naglašeni u suvremenom svijetu. Zdravlje kao najbitnija sastavnica ljudskog života predstavlja imperativ u svakodnevnom načinu življenja. Danas su klimatizirani prostori neizostavni dio modernog načina rada i ugodnog boravka. Klimatizacijski uređaji su postali standardni uređaji u radnim prostorima, osobnim automobilima, industrijskim pogonima, školama i obiteljskim domovima. Klimatizacijske uređaje koji rade u zatvorenim prostorima i objektima moramo prihvatiti kao blagodat suvremene civilizacije koja omogućava i osigurava povoljne klimatske uvjete u tim prostorima. Preporučene vrijednosti temperature i vlažnosti zraka u klimatiziranim prostorima pozitivno djeluju na zdravstveno stanje osoba koje u njima borave, iako postoje i opasnosti koje se mogu negativno odraziti na ljudsko zdravlje. Najčešći razlozi opasnosti proizlaze iz neadekvatnog čišćenja i servisiranja klimatizacijskih uređaja. Respiracijski sustav je organski sustav koji je osjetljiv na brojne čimbenike okoliša. Kontaminirani aerosol u klimatiziranim prostorima osnovni je put prenošenja bakterija, gljivica, virusa, grinja i raznih alergena koji se zadržavaju u vlažnim i zatamnjenim dijelovima uređaja. Među njima najopasnija je bakterija Legionella pneumophila. Uzročnici koji se prenose putem kontaminiranog aerosola su najčešći uzročnici alergijskih i respiratornih bolesti koje povezujemo sa klimatizacijskim uređajima. U ovom preglednom radu su obrađene najčešće bolesti koje se povezuju sa klimatizacijskim uređajima, od alergijskih reakcija do teških pneumonija izazvanih bakterijama i gljivicama.The diseases and various health disorders that are caused by staying in air conditioned areas are not sufficiently emphasized in modern lifestyle. Health as the most important component of human life is the imperative in everyday lifestyle. Nowadays, the air conditioned areas cannot be avoided in modern work as part of pleasant staying indoors. The air conditioners became standard at the work place, in cars, industry, schools and family homes. They are accepted as benefit of modern civilization that enables and ensures stabile and favorable conditions in the areas where those are installed. Recommended temperature values and humidity at air conditioned areas have positive health impact on humans, although there are some negative effects on overall health. Respiratory system is quite exposed to various causes of diseases. The contaminated aerosol at the air conditioned area is the most common way for transfer of bacteria, fungi, viruses, mites and various allergens that are retained in the damp and tinted areas. Among them, the most dangerous is the bacterium of Legionella pneumophila. The causes of the diseases transmitted through contaminated aerosol are the most common cause of allergic and respiratory diseases connected with air conditioners. The purpose of this thesis is to present the most common diseases connected to the use of the air conditioners; from allergies to severe pneumonia caused by bacteria and fungi

In-plane behaviour and damage assessment of masonry infills with hollow clay bricks in RC frames

Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings with clay masonry infills are a very common structural typology worldwide for civil, strategic or productive use. Damage to infills may cause danger for human lives and strongly affects economic losses, as shown during past earthquakes. Despite their role is crucial in terms of global and local response of RC buildings in the event of an earthquake, in current practice, infills are considered as partition elements without any structural function. The behaviour of infills under seismic actions has to be reliably characterized, starting from the analysis of their displacement capacity at different performance levels due to in-plane actions, and a proper complete numerical modelling, able to reproduce their influence on the global behaviour of RC frames under seismic actions. Some models have been already proposed in literature, but their reliability should be yet proved on the basis of an as wide as possible experimental database. Therefore, in this paper, a homogenous extensive database of experimental tests on RC frames infilled with hollow clay-masonry infills – typical of Italian and Mediterranean RC building stock – is collected and presented. The experimental responses of the infills under lateral loads are obtained and the main related numerical models existing in literature are investigated and compared with the experimental results. A new modelling proposal is carried out to obtain a simple practice-oriented force-displacement envelope to significantly reduce the errors in the prediction of the infill in-plane behaviour under lateral loads. The experimental evolutions of damage under increasing displacement demand are also analysed, and the displacement capacity at given performance levels are identified and correlated to the in-plane behaviour of the infill panels. The analysis of the damage evolution to the infills during the experimental tests finally allows the definition of drift-based fragility functions for these components, representing a key point for a more reliable estimation of losses due to earthquakes