Etude expérimentale du pouvoir d'arrêt des ions dans la matière tiède et dense: mesure de la distribution des états de charges d'un faisceau d'ions émergeant de la matière tiède et dense

Thèse commencée le 1er Octobre 2009The determination if the ion slowing down process (or stopping power) in warm dense matter is essential especially in the frame of inertial confinement fusion. During my thesis, our interest was driven by the modification of the charge state of ion beam emerging from warm dense matter, this quantity playing a major role in ion stopping power calculation. We took advantage of the properties exhibited by ion beams produced by high intensity short pulse lasers to study during two experiments performed at ELFIE and TITAN facilities, the charge state modification of a carbon and helium ion beams emerging from an aluminum foil isochorically heated by an energetic proton beam. In the first two chapters are presented the major challenges regarding the subject from both a theoretical and experimental point of view. Here are exposed the different simulation tools used during the thesis. The third chapter is devoted to the study of the property of laser-produced ion beams in the scope of our experiments aiming at studying the stopping power. We have studied in particular ion beams generated using lower-than-solid density targets during two experiments: helium gas jet and laser-exploded target. In the last chapter are presented the set-ups and results of the two experiments on the charge state of ion beam emerging from warm dense matter. The data we measured in solid-density cold aluminum are successfully compared with the results already obtained in conventional accelerators.La détermination du ralentissement des ions (ou pouvoir d'arrêt) dans la matière tiède et dense est un enjeu fondamental notamment dans le cadre de la fusion par confinement inertiel. Au cours de mon travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modification de l'état de charge d'un faisceau d'ions après sa traversée dans la matière tiède et dense, cette quantité jouant un rôle important dans le calcul du pouvoir d'arrêt. Nous avons tiré partie des propriétés bien connues des faisceaux d'ions générés par laser intense à impulsion courte pour étudier au cours de deux expériences réalisée sur les installations ELFIE et TITAN l'évolution de l'état de charge d'un faisceau d'ions carbones et hélium après traversée d'une cible d'aluminium chauffée de manière isochore par un faisceau de protons énergétique. Les deux premiers chapitres présentent les enjeux du sujet à la fois d'un point de vu théorique et expérimental - y sont présentés les différents outils de simulations utilisés au cours de l'étude. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à l'étude des propriétés des faisceaux d'ions générés par lasers dans l'optique de nos expériences pour étudier le pouvoir d'arrêt. Nous avons notamment étudiés au cours de deux expériences les faisceaux d'ions produits en utilisant des cibles à densité inférieur à celle du solide. Dans le dernier chapitre sont présentées les montages et résultats des deux expériences sur l'état de charge d'un faisceau d'ions après sa traversée dans la matière tiède et dense. Les données dans la matière froide obtenues au cours de nos expériences sont confrontées avec succès aux résultats antérieurs recueillis sur des accélérateurs conventionnels

Efficient laser-driven proton acceleration from cylindrical and planar cryogenic hydrogen jets.

We report on recent experimental results deploying a continuous cryogenic hydrogen jet as a debris-free, renewable laser-driven source of pure proton beams generated at the 150 TW ultrashort pulse laser Draco. Efficient proton acceleration reaching cut-off energies of up to 20 MeV with particle numbers exceeding 109 particles per MeV per steradian is demonstrated, showing for the first time that the acceleration performance is comparable to solid foil targets with thicknesses in the micrometer range. Two different target geometries are presented and their proton beam deliverance characterized: cylindrical (∅ 5 μm) and planar (20 μm × 2 μm). In both cases typical Target Normal Sheath Acceleration emission patterns with exponential proton energy spectra are detected. Significantly higher proton numbers in laser-forward direction are observed when deploying the planar jet as compared to the cylindrical jet case. This is confirmed by two-dimensional Particle-in-Cell (2D3V PIC) simulations, which demonstrate that the planar jet proves favorable as its geometry leads to more optimized acceleration conditions

Towards High-Repetition-Rate Fast Neutron Sources Using Novel Enabling Technologies

High-flux, high-repetition-rate neutron sources are of interest in studying neutron-induced damage processes in materials relevant to fusion, ultimately guiding designs for future fusion reactors. Existing and upcoming petawatt laser systems show great potential to fulfill this need. Here, we present a platform for producing laser-driven neutron beams based on a high-repetition-rate cryogenic liquid jet target and an adaptable stacked lithium and beryllium converter. Selected ion and neutron diagnostics enable monitoring of the key parameters of both beams. A first single-shot proof-of-principle experiment successfully implemented the presented platform at the Texas Petawatt Laser facility, achieving efficient generation of a forward-directed neutron beam. This work lays the foundation for future high-repetition-rate experiments towards pulsed, high-flux, fast neutron sources for radiation-induced effect studies relevant for fusion science and applications that require neutron beams with short pulse duration

Efficient laser-driven proton acceleration from cylindrical and planar cryogenic hydrogen jets

We report on recent experimental results deploying a continuous cryogenic hydrogen jet as a debris-free, renewable laser-driven source of pure proton beams generated at the 150 TW ultrashort pulse laser Draco. Efficient proton acceleration reaching cut-off energies of up to 20 MeV with particle numbers exceeding 109 particles per MeV per steradian is demonstrated, showing for the first time that the acceleration performance is comparable to solid foil targets with thicknesses in the micrometer range. Two different target geometries are presented and their proton beam deliverance characterized: cylindrical (∅ 5 μm) and planar (20 μm × 2 μm). In both cases typical Target Normal Sheath Acceleration emission patterns with exponential proton energy spectra are detected. Significantly higher proton numbers in laser-forward direction are observed when deploying the planar jet as compared to the cylindrical jet case. This is confirmed by two-dimensional Particle-in-Cell (2D3V PIC) simulations, which demonstrate that the planar jet proves favorable as its geometry leads to more optimized acceleration conditions

The Speed of Sound in Methane under Conditions of the Thermal Boundary Layer of Uranus

We present the first direct observations of acoustic waves in warm dense matter. We analyze wavenumber- and energy-resolved X-ray spectra taken from warm dense methane created by laser-heating a cryogenic liquid jet. X-ray diffraction and inelastic free electron scattering yield sample conditions of 0.3$\pm$0.1 eV and 0.8$\pm$0.1 g/cm$^3$, corresponding to a pressure of $\sim$13 GPa and matching the conditions predicted in the thermal boundary layer between the inner and outer envelope of Uranus. Inelastic X-ray scattering was used to observe the collective oscillations of the ions. With a highly improved energy resolution of $\sim$50 meV, we could clearly distinguish the Brillouin peaks from the quasi-elastic Rayleigh feature. Data at different wavenumbers were used to obtain a sound speed of 5.9$\pm$0.5 km/s, which enabled us to validate the use of Birch's law in this new parameter regime.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures with supplementary informatio

Etude expérimentale du pouvoir d'arrêt des ions dans la matière tiède et dense: mesure de la distribution des états de charges d'un faisceau d'ions émergeant de la matière tiède et dense

La détermination du ralentissement des ions (ou pouvoir d'arrêt) dans la matière tiède et dense est un enjeu fondamental notamment dans le cadre de la fusion par confinement inertiel. Au cours de mon travail de thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la modification de l'état de charge d'un faisceau d'ions après sa traversée dans la matière tiède et dense, cette quantité jouant un rôle important dans le calcul du pouvoir d'arrêt. Nous avons tiré partie des propriétés bien connues des faisceaux d'ions générés par laser intense à impulsion courte pour étudier au cours de deux expériences réalisée sur les installations ELFIE et TITAN l'évolution de l'état de charge d'un faisceau d'ions carbones et hélium après traversée d'une cible d'aluminium chauffée de manière isochore par un faisceau de protons énergétique. Les deux premiers chapitres présentent les enjeux du sujet à la fois d'un point de vu théorique et expérimental - y sont présentés les différents outils de simulations utilisés au cours de l'étude. Le troisième chapitre est consacré à l'étude des propriétés des faisceaux d'ions générés par lasers dans l'optique de nos expériences pour étudier le pouvoir d'arrêt. Nous avons notamment étudiés au cours de deux expériences les faisceaux d'ions produits en utilisant des cibles à densité inférieur à celle du solide. Dans le dernier chapitre sont présentées les montages et résultats des deux expériences sur l'état de charge d'un faisceau d'ions après sa traversée dans la matière tiède et dense. Les données dans la matière froide obtenues au cours de nos expériences sont confrontées avec succès aux résultats antérieurs recueillis sur des accélérateurs conventionnels.The determination if the ion slowing down process (or stopping power) in warm dense matter is essential especially in the frame of inertial confinement fusion. During my thesis, our interest was driven by the modification of the charge state of ion beam emerging from warm dense matter, this quantity playing a major role in ion stopping power calculation. We took advantage of the properties exhibited by ion beams produced by high intensity short pulse lasers to study during two experiments performed at ELFIE and TITAN facilities, the charge state modification of a carbon and helium ion beams emerging from an aluminum foil isochorically heated by an energetic proton beam. In the first two chapters are presented the major challenges regarding the subject from both a theoretical and experimental point of view. Here are exposed the different simulation tools used during the thesis. The third chapter is devoted to the study of the property of laser-produced ion beams in the scope of our experiments aiming at studying the stopping power. We have studied in particular ion beams generated using lower-than-solid density targets during two experiments: helium gas jet and laser-exploded target. In the last chapter are presented the set-ups and results of the two experiments on the charge state of ion beam emerging from warm dense matter. The data we measured in solid-density cold aluminum are successfully compared with the results already obtained in conventional accelerators.PALAISEAU-Polytechnique (914772301) / SudocSudocFranceF

MiGriBot: A miniature parallel robot with integrated gripping for high-throughput micromanipulation

International audienceAlthough robotic micromanipulation using microtweezers has widely been explored, the current manipulation throughput hardly exceeds one operation per second. Increasing the manipulation throughput is thus a key factor for the emergence of robotized micro-assembly industries. This article presents the MiGriBot, a miniaturized parallel robot with a configurable platform and soft joints, designed to perform pick-and-place operations at the microscale. MiGriBot combines in a single robot the benefits of an original parallel kinematic architecture with a configurable platform and a millimeter-scale compliant mechanism. Indeed, the configurable platform of the robot provides an internal degree of freedom used to actuate a microtweezers using piezoelectric bending actuators located at the base of the robot, which significantly reduces 1the robot’s inertia, while the soft joints allow to miniaturize the mechanism and to avoid friction. These benefits enable MiGriBot to reach the unprecedented throughput of 10pick-and-place cycles per second of micro-objects and a positioning repeatability down to a micron

A 4-DoF Parallel Robot With a Built-in Gripper for Waste Sorting

International audience<font face="arial, helvetica"&gt<span style="font-size: 13px;"&gtThisarticle presents a new robot concept dedicated to fast andenergy-efficient waste sorting applications. This parallel robotcan provide at the same time the three translations in space(3-DoF) and the opening/closing of a built-in gripper (1 additionalDoF). The movement of the clamp is enabled thanks to a configurableplatform at the end of the parallel structure. This platform iscomposed of a two-gear train gripper which is directly controlledby the 4 actuators attached to the base of the manipulator. Theinverse kinematic as well as the differential models have beendeveloped. A first prototype has been realized to validate this newparallel architecture for pick-and-toss tasks.</span&gt</font&g

Premiers épisodes de la fabrication des longues haches alpines: ramassage de galets ou choc thermique sur des blocs ?

National audienceExploitation néolithique des jades alpin