Le vagabondage, ou la police des existences irrégulières et incertaines : sens et usages d’un délit (France, 1815-1850)

Inscrit dans le Code pénal de 1810, le vagabondage fut un élément important du maintien de l’ordre en France au XIXe siècle. Cet article se propose d’en préciser le sens et les usages entre 1815 et 1850, au lendemain de sa codification. Incriminant l’incapacité à répondre d’un ancrage positif dans la société et l’ordre légal, il fut d’abord le contrepoint de l’effort d’encadrement réglementaire des circulations et des populations pauvres, permettant d’en ressaisir les échappés. Au-delà, le délit ouvrait aussi la voie à une police des existences irrégulières, incertaines, recouvrant un large spectre de comportements et de situations sociales. Cette police devait s’avérer complexe : le degré de suspicion, le contexte politique ou économique, les logiques propres à chaque appareil (police, administration, justice) déterminaient des traitements différenciés, relevant encore très largement de pratiques infra et extrajudiciaires.In nineteenth-century France, vagrancy constituted a significant aspect of public order maintenance that was written into the Penal Code of 1810. The purpose of this article is to identify the meaning and application of the law between 1815 and 1850, during the first decades when vagrancy was first included in the Penal Code. The legislation on vagrancy, which criminalised the inability to prove stable attachment to a local community and failure to register as required by law, served above all as a matrix of regulations to keep track of moving populations and the poor in order to identify those who remained unregistered. Furthermore, when vagrancy became a misdemeanour, this created great scope for policing individuals who lived in irregular and precarious conditions by intervening against a broad spectrum of behaviours and social situations. Policing the vagrant proved to be highly complex. It included an evaluation of the degree to which an individual should be regarded as suspicious as well as assessment of the general political and economic context. Policing was also shaped by the internal logic of each of the agencies (police, public authorities, and courts) who determined the individualised treatment, sometimes on the basis of the law, but very often also operating according to extra-judicial practices

BACANAL : Balades Aléatoires Courtes pour ANAlyses Lexicales Application à la substitution lexicale

International audienceNous proposons ici des méthodes de désambiguisation sémantique par substition lexicale pour la tâche 1 de l'atelier SemDis2014. Les méthodes exposées dans ce papier sont toutes bâties à partir de balades aléatoires courtes dans des graphes unipartis ou bipartis construits sur diverses ressources. Certaines de ces méthodes n'utilisent que des graphes construits automatiquement à partir de corpus (méthodes non supervisées), d'autres utilisent des graphes construits à partir de ressources produites « à la main » par des lexicographes ou par les foules (méthodes supervisées). Abstract. In this paper, we propose word sense disambiguation methods based on lexical substitution and used for the task 1 of the SemDis2014 workshop. This methods are run by using short random walks on unipartite networks or bipartite networks. Some of these methods only use graphs automatically built from corpora (unsurpervised methods), others also use graphs built from handcraft resources filled by lexicographers or by the crowds (supervised methods). Mots-clés : désambiguisation sémantique, substition lexicale, réseaux lexicaux, balades aléatoires courtes

Using Extra-Linguistic Material for Mandarin-French Verbal Constructions Comparison

International audienceSystematic cross-linguistic studies of verbs syntactic-semantic behaviors for ty-pologically distant languages such as Mandarin Chinese and French are difficult to conduct.Such studies are nevertheless necessary due to the crucial role that verbal constructions playin the mental lexicon. This paper addresses the problem by combining psycho-linguisticsand computational methods. Psycho-linguistics provides us with a bilingual corpus that fea-tures verbal construction associated with carefully built extra-linguistic material (short videoclips). Computational approaches bring us distributional semantic models (DSM) to measurethe distance between linguistic elements in the extra-linguistic space. These models allowsfor cross-linguistic measures that we evaluate against manually annotated data. In this pa-per, we discuss the results, potential shortcomings involving cultural variability and how tomeasure such bias

Who Drinks Most of the Total Alcohol in Young Men—Risky Single Occasion Drinking as Normative Behaviour

Aims: The objectives of this study were to analyse (a) the distribution of risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD) among 19-year-old men in Switzerland and (b) to show the percentage of all alcohol consumption in the form of RSOD. Methods: The study was based on a census of Swiss francophone 19-year-old men consecutively reporting for processing. The study was conducted at Army Recruitment Center. The participants were 4116 recruits consecutively enrolling for mandatory army recruitment procedures between 23 January and 29 August in 2007. The measures were alcohol consumption measured in drinks of ∼10 g of pure alcohol, number of drinking occasions with six or more drinks (RSOD) in the past 12 months and a retrospective 1 week drinking diary. Results: 264 recruits were never seen by the research staff, 3536 of the remaining 3852 conscripts completed a questionnaire which showed that 7.2% abstained from alcohol and 75.5% of those drinking had an RSOD day at least monthly. The typical frequency of drinking was 1-3 days per week on weekends. The average quantity on weekends was about seven drinks, 69.3% of the total weekly consumption was in the form of RSOD days, and of all the alcohol consumed, 96.2% was by drinkers who had RSOD days at least once a month. Conclusion: Among young men, RSOD constitutes the norm. Prevention consequently must address the total population and not only high-risk drinker

Using Extra-Linguistic Material for Mandarin-French Verbal Constructions Comparison

PACLIC 23 / City University of Hong Kong / 3-5 December 200

Skillex, an action labelling efficiency score: the case for French and Mandarin

International audienceWe propose a model to compute two measurements of semantic efficiency of verbs as action labels. It is based on the exploration of the specific structure of synonymy networks of verbs. We use these measurements to analyse and compare the semantic efficiency of [Children/Adults] productions in action labelling tasks, in French and Mandarin. The combination of these two measurements leads to a generic score of semantic efficiency, Skillex. Assigned to participants of the Approx protocol experiment, this score enables us to accurately classify them into Children and Adults categories, be they French or Mandarin native speakers

Wiktionary and NLP: Improving synonymy networks

International audienceWiktionary, a satellite of the Wikipedia initiative, can be seen as a potential resource for Natural Language Processing. It requires however to be processed before being used efficiently as an NLP resource. After describing the relevant aspects Wiktionary for our purposes, we focus on its structural properties. Then, we describe how we extracted synonymy networks from this resource. We provide an in-depth study of these synonymy networks and compare them to those extracted from traditional resources. Finally, we describe two methods for semiautomatically improving this network by adding missing relations: (i) using a kind of semantic proximity measure; (ii) using translation relations of Wiktionary itself

N=2 supersymmetry breaking at two different scales

We study N=2 spontaneous supersymmetry breaking at two different scales with matter fields in hypermultiplets charged under the gauge group that should involve at least two U(1) factors. Off-shell analysis is possible in the dual single-tensor formulation of the hypermultiplets. Massless fermions can naturally arise from pseudo-real representations of the gauge group that allow a reformulation of the problem of chirality in N=2 theories. The above properties are necessary ingredients towards constructing viable extensions of the Standard Model based on N=2 supersymmetry.Comment: 26 page

The catastrophic flash-flood event of 8–9 September 2002 in the Gard region, France: a first case study for the Cévennes–Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory

The Cévennes–Vivarais Mediterranean Hydrometeorological Observatory (OHM-CV) is a research initiative aimed at improving the understanding and modeling of the Mediterranean intense rain events that frequently result in devastating flash floods in southern France. A primary objective is to bring together the skills of meteorologists and hydrologists, modelers and instrumentalists, researchers and practitioners, to cope with these rather unpredictable events. In line with previously published flash-flood monographs, the present paper aims at documenting the 8–9 September 2002 catastrophic event, which resulted in 24 casualties and an economic damage evaluated at 1.2 billion euros (i.e., about 1 billion U.S. dollars) in the Gard region, France. A description of the synoptic meteorological situation is first given and shows that no particular precursor indicated the imminence of such an extreme event. Then, radar and rain gauge analyses are used to assess the magnitude of the rain event, which was particularly remarkable for its spatial extent with rain amounts greater than 200 mm in 24 h over 5500 km2. The maximum values of 600–700 mm observed locally are among the highest daily records in the region. The preliminary results of the postevent hydrological investigation show that the hydrologic response of the upstream watersheds of the Gard and Vidourle Rivers is consistent with the marked space–time structure of the rain event. It is noteworthy that peak specific discharges were very high over most of the affected areas (5–10 m3 s−1 km−2) and reached locally extraordinary values of more than 20 m3 s−1 km−2. A preliminary analysis indicates contrasting hydrological behaviors that seem to be related to geomorphological factors, notably the influence of karst in part of the region. An overview of the ongoing meteorological and hydrological research projects devoted to this case study within the OHM-CV is finally presented