Evaluation of initial growth of poplar clones in North Patagonia

En los valles irrigados de Río Negro y Neuquén, el cultivo de álamos acompañó históricamente la producción agrícola, utilizándose clones de Populus nigra L. en cortinas rompeviento y clones de Populus xcanadensis Moench. para las forestaciones en macizo. Buscando ampliar la disponibilidad de genotipos para los diferentes sitios de cultivo, se instaló un ensayo comparativo con trece clones de álamo en la localidad de Pomona, Provincia de Río Negro. Se evaluaron seis clones de P. xcanadensis ('Triplo', 'Ragonese 22 INTA', "Pangui INTA", "Pudú INTA", y los testigos comerciales 'Conti 12' e 'I-214'), seis clones de P. deltoides ('Harvard', 'Onda', 'Stoneville 67', 'Carabelas INTA', "20-82" y "C-657") y un clon de P. xcanescens. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar (DBCA) con quince repeticiones y parcelas de una planta. Luego de cuatro períodos de crecimiento, 'I-214' y 'Triplo' tuvieron los mayores incrementos de DAP, no encontrándose diferencias significativas con los valores de 'Conti 12', 'Ragonese 22 INTA', "Pangui INTA", "Pudú INTA", "20-82" y P. xcanescens. Los menores crecimientos fueron observados en los deltoides 'Stoneville 67' y "C- 657". Los clones 'Ragonese 22 INTA', 'Triplo' y "20-82" constituyen alternativas para el cultivo de álamos en macizos y cortinas rompeviento.In the irrigated valleys of Río Negro and Neuquén poplar cultivation historically accompanied agricultural production using clones of Populus nigra L. in shelterbelts and Populus xcanadensis Moench. in forest plantations. With the aim to extend the availability of genotypes for different cultivation sites, a comparative trial with thirteen clones of poplar was installed at Pomona, Río Negro province. Six clones of euramerican hybrid poplar (P. xcanadensis 'Triplo', 'Ragonese 22 INTA', "Pangui INTA", "Pudú INTA" and commercial control 'Conti 12' and 'I-214'), six clones of eastern cottonwood poplar (P. deltoides 'Harvard', 'Onda', 'Stoneville 67', 'Carabelas INTA', "20-82" and "C-657") and one clone of P. xcanescens were evaluated. A completely randomized block design was used with fifteen replications and one plant per plot. After four growth periods, 'I-214' and 'Triplo' had the largest increases of diameter at breast height (DBH) while no significant differences in the values of 'Conti 12', 'Ragonese 22 INTA', "Pangui INTA", "Pudú INTA", "20-82" and P. xcanescens were found. The lowest increases were observed in deltoids 'Stoneville 67' and "C- 657". 'Ragonese 22 INTA', 'Triplo' and "20- 82" are alternatives for growing poplar in forest plantations and shelterbelt.Fil: Thomas, Esteban R.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Argentina)Fil: Garces, Anibal C.

Crop-based irrigation operations in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Vol.II: Research approach and interpretation. Final Report

Irrigation management / Crop-based irrigation / Research / Irrigation canals / Water demand / Performance evaluation / Agricultural production / Pakistan / North West Frontier Province

Evaluación del crecimiento inicial de clones de álamo en el norte de la Patagonia

In the irrigated valleys of Río Negro and Neuquén poplar cultivation historically accompanied agricultural production using clones of Populus nigra L. in shelterbelts and Populus xcanadensis Moench. in forest plantations. With the aim to extend the availability of genotypes for different cultivation sites, a comparative trial with thirteen clones of poplar was installed at Pomona, Río Negro province. Six clones of euramerican hybrid poplar (P. xcanadensis 'Triplo', 'Ragonese 22 INTA', "Pangui INTA", "Pudú INTA" and commercial control 'Conti 12' and 'I-214'), six clones of eastern cottonwood poplar (P. deltoides 'Harvard', 'Onda', 'Stoneville 67', 'Carabelas INTA', "20-82" and "C-657") and one clone of P. xcanescens were evaluated. A completely randomized block design was used with fifteen replications and one plant per plot. After four growth periods, 'I-214' and 'Triplo' had the largest increases of diameter at breast height (DBH) while no significant differences in the values of 'Conti 12', 'Ragonese 22 INTA', "Pangui INTA", "Pudú INTA", "20-82" and P. xcanescens were found. The lowest increases were observed in deltoids 'Stoneville 67' and "C- 657". 'Ragonese 22 INTA', 'Triplo' and "20- 82" are alternatives for growing poplar in forest plantations and shelterbelt.En los valles irrigados de Río Negro y Neuquén, el cultivo de álamos acompañó históricamente la producción agrícola, utilizándose clones de Populus nigra L. en cortinas rompeviento y clones de Populus xcanadensis Moench. para las forestaciones en macizo. Buscando ampliar la disponibilidad de genotipos para los diferentes sitios de cultivo, se instaló un ensayo comparativo con trece clones de álamo en la localidad de Pomona, Provincia de Río Negro. Se evaluaron seis clones de P. xcanadensis ('Triplo', 'Ragonese 22 INTA', "Pangui INTA", "Pudú INTA", y los testigos comerciales 'Conti 12' e 'I-214'), seis clones de P. deltoides ('Harvard', 'Onda', 'Stoneville 67', 'Carabelas INTA', "20-82" y "C-657") y un clon de P. xcanescens. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques completos al azar (DBCA) con quince repeticiones y parcelas de una planta. Luego de cuatro períodos de crecimiento, 'I-214' y 'Triplo' tuvieron los mayores incrementos de DAP, no encontrándose diferencias significativas con los valores de 'Conti 12', 'Ragonese 22 INTA', "Pangui INTA", "Pudú INTA", "20-82" y P. xcanescens. Los menores crecimientos fueron observados en los deltoides 'Stoneville 67' y "C- 657". Los clones 'Ragonese 22 INTA', 'Triplo' y "20-82" constituyen alternativas para el cultivo de álamos en macizos y cortinas rompeviento

Comparison of the physical, chemical and electrical properties of ALD Al2O3 on c- and m-plane GaN

This study compares the physical, chemical and electrical properties of Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] thin films deposited on gallium polar c- and nonpolar m -plane GaN substrates by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Correlations were sought between the film's structure, composition, and electrical properties. The thickness of the Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] films was 19.2 nm as determined from a Si witness sample by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The gate dielectric was slightly aluminum-rich (Al:O=1:1.3) as measured from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) depth profile, and the oxide-semiconductor interface carbon concentration was lower on c -plane GaN. The oxide's surface morphology was similar on both substrates, but was smoothest on c -plane GaN as determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Circular capacitors (50-300 μm diameter) with Ni/Au (20/100 nm) metal contacts on top of the oxide were created by standard photolithography and e-beam evaporation methods to form metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs). The alumina deposited on c -plane GaN showed less hysteresis (0.15 V) than on m -plane GaN (0.24 V) in capacitance-voltage (CV) characteristics, consistent with its better quality of this dielectric as evidenced by negligible carbon contamination and smooth oxide surface. These results demonstrate the promising potential of ALD Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] on c -plane GaN, but further optimization of ALD is required to realize the best properties of Al[subscript 2]O[subscript 3] on m -plane GaN

Projected shell model study of odd-odd f-p-g shell proton-rich nuclei

A systematic study of 2-quasiparticle bands of the proton-rich odd-odd nuclei in the mass A ~ 70-80 region is performed using the projected shell model approach. The study includes Br-, Rb-, and Y-isotopes with N = Z+2, and Z+4. We describe the energy spectra and electromagnetic transition strengths in terms of the configuration mixing of the angular-momentum projected multi-quasiparticle states. Signature splitting and signature inversion in the rotational bands are discussed and are shown to be well described. A preliminary study of the odd-odd N = Z nucleus, 74Rb using the concept of spontaneous symmetry breaking is also presented.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, final version accepted by Phys. Rev.

Cisplatin, fluorouracil in bolus injection, and leucovorin in first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer as an alternative to protocols with infusional fluorouracil

PURPOSE Gastric cancer (GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Platinum agents and fluoropyrimidines are the main compounds used in the first-line setting for advanced GC. Given the activity of fluorouracil (FU) bolus, the PFL protocol, a chemotherapy regimen combining cisplatin, FU bolus, and leucovorin, was incorporated at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute, because this schedule does not require hospitalization or infusion pumps. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of PFL in the first-line setting for patients with advanced GC. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study evaluating patients with advanced GC treated in the first-line setting with cisplatin 80 mg/m2 on day 1 and FU bolus 400 mg/m2 plus leucovorin 20 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 every 4 weeks, from January 2008 to December 2014. RESULTS A total of 109 patients were enrolled. The median number of cycles received per patient was four (one to 11). Complete responses were achieved in 6.4% and partial responses in 14.7%. Median progression-free survival was 6.3 months (95% CI, 5.08 to 7.58 months) and median overall survival was 8.3 months (95% CI, 6. 79 to 9.87 months). Thirty-four (31.2%) patients were alive in 1 year. Grade 3 and 4 adverse events were experienced by 26.6% and 3.7% of patients, respectively, with dose reduction necessary in 9.1%. CONCLUSION PFL is active in advanced GC and could be an alternative for FU continuous infusion protocols in institutions with limited resources and/or low budget, which is the reality in many nations all over the world

Characterisation of fatty acyl reductases of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) seed

Long and very long chain fatty alcohols are produced from their corresponding acyl-CoAs through the activity of fatty acyl reductases (FARs). Fatty alcohols are important components of the cuticle that protects aerial plant organs, and they are metabolic intermediates in the synthesis of the wax esters in the hull of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds. Genes encoding 4 different FARs (named HaFAR2, HaFAR3, HaFAR4 and HaFAR5) were identified using BLAST, and studies showed that four of the genes were expressed in seed hulls. In this study, the structure and location of sunflower FAR proteins were determined. They were also expressed exogenously in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to evaluate their substrate specificity based on the fatty alcohols synthesized by the transformed yeasts. Three of the four enzymes tested showed activity in yeast. HaFAR3 produced C18, C20 and C22 saturated alcohols, whereas HaFAR4 and HaFAR5 produced C24 and C26 saturated alcohols. The involvement of these genes in the synthesis of sunflower seed wax esters was addressed by considering the results obtained

Marine biodiversity and ecosystem function relationships: The potential for practical monitoring applications

Abstract There is an increasing demand for environmental assessments of the marine environment to include ecosystem function. However, existing schemes are predominantly based on taxonomic (i.e. structural) measures of biodiversity. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function (BEF) relationships are suggested to provide a mechanism for converting taxonomic information into surrogates of ecosystem function. This review assesses the evidence for marine BEF relationships and their potential to be used in practical monitoring applications (i.e. operationalized). Five key requirements were identified for the practical application of BEF relationships: 1) a complete understanding of strength, direction and prevalence of marine BEF relationships, 2) an understanding of which biological components are influential within specific BEF relationships, 3) the biodiversity of the selected biological components can be measured easily, 4) the ecological mechanisms that are the most important for generating marine BEF relationships, i.e. identity effects or complementarity, are known and 5) the proportion of the overall functional variance is explained by biodiversity, and hence BEF relationships, has been established. Numerous positive and some negative BEF relationships were found within the literature, although many reproduced poorly the natural species richness, trophic structures or multiple functions of real ecosystems (requirement 1). Null relationships were also reported. The consistency of the positive and negative relationships was often low that compromised the ability to generalize BEF relationships and confident application of BEF within marine monitoring. Equally, some biological components and functions have received little or no investigation. Expert judgement was used to attribute biological components using spatial extent, presence and functional rate criteria (requirement 2). This approach highlighted the main biological components contributing the most to specific ecosystem functions, and that many of the particularly influential components were found to have received the least amount of research attention. The need for biodiversity to be measureable (requirement 3) is possible for most biological components although difficult within the functionally important microbes. Identity effects underpinned most marine BEF relationships (requirement 4). As such, processes that translated structural biodiversity measures into functional diversity were found to generate better BEF relationships. The analysis of the contribution made by biodiversity, over abiotic influences, to the total expression of a particular ecosystem function was rarely measured or considered (requirement 5). Hence it is not possible to determine the overall importance of BEF relationships within the total ecosystem functioning observed. In the few studies where abiotic factors had been considered, it was clear that these modified BEF relationships and have their own direct influence on functional rate. Based on the five requirements, the information required for immediate ‘operationalization’ of BEF relationships within marine functional monitoring is lacking. However, the concept of BEF inclusion within practical monitoring applications, supported by ecological modelling, shows promise for providing surrogate indicators of functioning

Aerobiology of the Wheat Blast Pathogen - Inoculum Monitoring and Detection of Fungicide Resistance Alleles

Wheat blast, caused by the ascomycetous fungus Pyricularia oryzae Triticum lineage (PoTl), is mainly controlled by fungicide use, but resistance to the main fungicide groups—sterol demethylase (DMI), quinone outside (QoI), and succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI)—has been reported in Brazil. In order to rationalize fungicide inputs (e.g., choice, timing, dose-rate, spray number, and mixing/alternation) for managing wheat blast, we describe a new monitoring tool, enabling the quantitative measurement of pathogen’s inoculum levels and detection of fungicide resistance alleles. Wheat blast airborne spores (aerosol populations) were monitored at Londrina in Paraná State, a major wheat cropping region in Brazil, using an automated high-volume cyclone coupled with a lab-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. The objectives of our study were as follows: (1) to monitor the amount of PoTl airborne conidia during 2019–2021 based on DNA detection, (2) to reveal the prevalence of QoI resistant (QoI-R) cytochrome b alleles in aerosol populations of wheat blast, and (3) to determine the impact of weather on the dynamics of wheat blast aerosol populations and spread of QoI resistant alleles. PoTl inoculum was consistently detected in aerosols during the wheat cropping seasons from 2019 to 2021, but amounts varied significantly between seasons, with highest amounts detected in 2019. High peaks of PoTl DNA were also continuously detected during the off-season in 2020 and 2021. The prevalence of QoI resistant (QoI-R) cytochrome b G143A alleles in aerosol populations was also determined for a subset of 10 PoTl positive DNA samples with frequencies varying between 10 and 91% using a combination of PCR-amplification and SNP detection pyrosequencing. Statistically significant but low correlations were found between the levels of pathogen and the weather variables. In conclusion, for wheat blast, this system provided prior detection of airborne spore levels of the pathogen and of the prevalence of fungicide resistance alleles