¿Hay un lugar para el pequeño comercio en la soberanía alimentaria?

Los estudios oficiales sobre distribución de los alimentos en el Estado español solo incluyen dos tipos de circuitos: el canal "tradicional" (central o cooperativa en origen - merca - pequeño comercio tradicional) y el canal "moderno" (central hortofrutícola - plataforma de compra - grandes superficies). Sabemos que la soberanía alimentaria y las economías alternativas están creando otros que respondan a lógicas diferentes. ¿Puede el pequeño comercio ser parte de ellos

Detection of Communities within the Multibody System Dynamics Network and Analysis of Their Relations

Multibody system dynamics is already a well developed branch of theoretical, computational and applied mechanics. Thousands of documents can be found in any of the well-known scientific databases. In this work it is demonstrated that multibody system dynamics is built of many thematic communities. Using the Elsevier’s abstract and citation database SCOPUS, a massive amount of data is collected and analyzed with the use of the open source visualization tool Gephi. The information is represented as a large set of nodes with connections to study their graphical distribution and explore geometry and symmetries. A randomized radial symmetry is found in the graphical representation of the collected information. Furthermore, the concept of modularity is used to demonstrate that community structures are present in the field of multibody system dynamics. In particular, twenty-four different thematic communities have been identified. The scientific production of each community is analyzed, which allows to predict its growing rate in the next years. The journals and conference proceedings mainly used by the authors belonging to the community as well as the cooperation between them by country are also analyzed

Functional organization of the gene cluster involved in the synthesis of the pneumococcal capsule

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen and its capsular polysaccharide has been shown to be the main virulence factor. The molecular organization of the genes governing the formation of this capsule was not studied until the 1990s. The capsular clusters (cap) of eight of the 90 known pneumococcal types have now been studied. The cap operon, located between the dexB and aliA genes, is arranged as a central region comprising the genes coding for the specifictype polysaccharide, flanked by open reading frames that are mostly common to all of the serotypes. The biochemical functions of 24 genes required for capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis have been elucidated but the precise role of the flanking regions in capsular formation is unknown. The natural genetic transformation characteristic of pneumococci, the arrangement of the cap locus and the abundance of transposable elements at this locus favor the genetic variability of the capsule in this microorganism. These well-documented observations together with the finding that some genes located outside the cap cluster may also participate in capsule formation increase the complexity of pneumococcal infection control

Recursos sobre TIC y desarrollo en Internet

Las páginas latinoamericanas ofrecen una mayor variedad de puntos de vista y enfoques y se aprecia la enorme importancia que se otorga a las TIC como factor de desarrollo, tanto para una mejor educación como para una mejor calidad de vida. Sin embargo, es en portales anglosajones donde la información es más abundante, hasta tres veces más páginas web relacionadas con el tema. Este artículo propone una visita a los sitios más relevantes para el tema TIC y desarrollo humano.Les pàgines web llatinoamericanes ofereixen una major varietat de punts de vista i enfocaments i s'aprecia l'enorme importància que s'atorga a les TIC com a factor de desenvolupament, tant per a una millor educació com per a una millor qualitat de vida. Això es repeteix si el que es busca són aspectes relacionats amb el debat sobre aquests temes. Aquest article proposa una visita als portals més rellevants relacionats amb les tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació i el desenvolupament humà.Peer Reviewe

Profile Analysis and Lifestyle of people with foot pathologies

Las patologías de los pies son uno de los problemas de salud más comunes. Aunque algunas pueden deberse a la herencia, muchas provienen del impacto acumulado de una vida de abuso y negligencia, y de hábitos de conducta inapropiados.El análisis de los estilos de vida que caracterizan la vida cotidiana conjuntamente con la necesidad de establecer un perfil de los pacientes que acuden al podólogo, nos permite considerar la importancia de evaluar el pie y convertir esta evaluación en un indicador más del estado general de salud de un paciente. Las patologías que afectan a los pies pueden ser de diversa índole: articulares, musculares, esqueléticas, ortopédicas, metabólicas, vasculares, neuropáticas, o dermícas, y todas ellas son relevantes para la vida y el mantenimiento de la independencia. Por ello, la prevención de ciertos hábitos y estilos de vida que contribuyan a la pérdida de autonomía e independencia funcional, constituye un aspecto clave.En este artíulo se describen los resultados de un estudio cuantitativo llevado a cabo con 200 pacientes, de ambos sexos, sin restricciones de esdad, que acuden a una clínica de podología.Para la recogida de datos se diseñó un cuestionario ad hoc que permitió obtener informació precisa acerca del perfil del paciente, en general, y de características específicas definitorias de ese perfil: sociodemográficas, conductas vinculadas a los estilos de vida, hábitos cotidianos, valoración de la relevancia subjetiva, conductas preventivas, así como percepción y motivación.Los resultados hacen hincapié en la importancia de los estudios relacionados con la percepción social del podólogo y las patologías de los pies, así como en la necesidad de incorporar información subjetiva al análisis de la problemática del pie y de aquellos comportamientos que implican riesgos para la salud podal del ser humano. Esta perspectiva contribuye a la realización de análisis en profundidad del significado social de la podología, y el modo mejor de afrontar el cada vez mayor número de enfermedades que pueden mermar la calidad de vida, debido a la persistencia de determinadas conductas, potencialmente generadoras de riesgo de enfermedades en los pies.Foot ailments are among the most common or our health problems. Although some can be traced to heredity, many stem from the cumulative impact of a lifetime of abuse and neglect, as well as non-appropiate behavior habits. The analysis of lifestyles characterizing the everyday life, together with the need to establish a profile of patients attending who visit a podologist, allow us to consider the importance of assessing the foot and converting this assessment in an indicator of the general state of health of a patient. Diseases that affect the feet can be of various kinds: joint, muscle, skeletal, orthopedic, metabolic, vascular, neuropathic, or skin, and all of then are relevant for the life and for maintaining our independence, is a key aspect.In this article, results of a quantitative study carried out with 200 patients of both genders, without restrictions of age who attend a podiatry clinic, are described. For collecting data, a questionnaire ad hoc was designed. It allowed to obtain accurate information about the profile of the patient, in general, and of the speific characteristics of that profile: socio-demographical, behavior linked to lifestyles, everyday habits, subjective relevance, preventing behaviors, as well as perception and motivation.Results focus in the relevance of social perception studies of podologist and foot deseases, as well as in the need of incorporating subjective information in the analysis of the foot problems, and those behaviours involving risks for foot health of the human beings. This perspective contribute to the deeper analysis of the social meaning of podology, and the best way to deal with the increasing number of diseases that can reduce the quality of life, due the persistence of some behaviours, potentially generating risk of foot diseases

Experimental determination of the optimum working conditions of a transcritical CO2 refrigeration plant with integrated mechanical subcooling

Subcooling methods for transcritical CO2 plants are being studied in order to improve their behavior. Among them, the Integrated Mechanical Subcooling system is one of the most promising owing that performs with high efficiency and it is a total-CO2 system. This work presents the experimental determination of the optimum working conditions of a transcritical CO2 plant working with an integrated mechanical subcooling system. The plant was tested at different pressure and subcooling conditions in order to optimize the COP of the plant and determine the optimal conditions for three ambient temperatures 25.0 °C, 30.4 °C and 35.1 °C and evaporation levels between −15.6 °C and −4.1 °C. Optimum operating conditions were determined and two correlations are proposed to determine the optimal pressure and subcooling as function the gas-cooler outlet temperature and the evaporation level

Improvements in CO2 Booster Architectures with Different Economizer Arrangements.

CO2 transcritical booster architectures are widely analyzed to be applied in centralized commercial refrigeration plants in consonance with the irrevocable phase-out of HFCs. Most of these analyses show the limitations of CO2 cycles in terms of energy e ciency, especially in warm countries. From the literature, several improvements have been proposed to raise the booster e ciency in high ambient temperatures. The use of economizers is an interesting technique to reduce the temperature after the gas cooler and to improve the energy e ciency of transcritical CO2 cycles. The economizer cools down the high pressure’s line of CO2 by evaporating the same refrigerant extracted from another point of the facility. Depending on the extraction point, some configurations are possible. In this work, di erent booster architectures with economizers have been analyzed and compared. From the results, the combination of the economizer with the additional compressor allows obtaining energy savings of up to 8.5% in warm countries and up to 4% in cold countries with regard to the flash-by-pass arrangement and reduce the volumetric displacement required of the MT compressors by up to 37%