A Framework for Evaluating Land Use and Land Cover Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks

Analyzing land use and land cover (LULC) using remote sensing (RS) imagery is essential for many environmental and social applications. The increase in availability of RS data has led to the development of new techniques for digital pattern classification. Very recently, deep learning (DL) models have emerged as a powerful solution to approach many machine learning (ML) problems. In particular, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are currently the state of the art for many image classification tasks. While there exist several promising proposals on the application of CNNs to LULC classification, the validation framework proposed for the comparison of different methods could be improved with the use of a standard validation procedure for ML based on cross-validation and its subsequent statistical analysis. In this paper, we propose a general CNN, with a fixed architecture and parametrization, to achieve high accuracy on LULC classification over RS data from different sources such as radar and hyperspectral. We also present a methodology to perform a rigorous experimental comparison between our proposed DL method and other ML algorithms such as support vector machines, random forests, and k-nearest-neighbors. The analysis carried out demonstrates that the CNN outperforms the rest of techniques, achieving a high level of performance for all the datasets studied, regardless of their different characteristics.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2014-55894-C2-1-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad TIN2017-88209-C2-2-

Fuzzy Galois connections on fuzzy sets

In fairly elementary terms this paper presents how the theory of preordered fuzzy sets, more precisely quantale-valued preorders on quantale-valued fuzzy sets, is established under the guidance of enriched category theory. Motivated by several key results from the theory of quantaloid-enriched categories, this paper develops all needed ingredients purely in order-theoretic languages for the readership of fuzzy set theorists, with particular attention paid to fuzzy Galois connections between preordered fuzzy sets.Comment: 30 pages, final versio

The 2+12+1 convex hull of a finite set

We study $\mathbb{R}^2\oplus\mathbb{R}$-separately convex hulls of finite sets of points in $\mathbb{R}^3$, as introduced in \cite{KirchheimMullerSverak2003}. When $\mathbb{R}^3$ is considered as a certain subset of $3\times 2$ matrices, this notion of convexity corresponds to rank-one convex convexity $K^{rc}$. If $\mathbb{R}^3$ is identified instead with a subset of $2\times 3$ matrices, it actually agrees with the quasiconvex hull, due to a recent result \cite{HarrisKirchheimLin18}. We introduce "$2+1$ complexes", which generalize $T_n$ constructions. For a finite set $K$, a "$2+1$ $K$-complex" is a $2+1$ complex whose extremal points belong to $K$. The "$2+1$-complex convex hull of $K$", $K^{cc}$, is the union of all $2+1$ $K$-complexes. We prove that $K^{cc}$ is contained in the $2+1$ convex hull $K^{rc}$. We also consider outer approximations to $2+1$ convexity based in the locality theorem \cite[4.7]{Kirchheim2003}. Starting with a crude outer approximation we iteratively chop off "$D$-prisms". For the examples in \cite{KirchheimMullerSverak2003}, and many others, this procedure reaches a "$2+1$ $K$-complex" in a finite number of steps, and thus computes the $2+1$ convex hull. We show examples of finite sets for which this procedure does not reach the $2+1$ convex hull in finite time, but we show that a sequence of outer approximations built with $D$-prisms converges to a $2+1$ $K$-complex. We conclude that $K^{rc}$ is always a "$2+1$ $K$-complex", which has interesting consequences

Antonieta Rivas Mercado en sus textos.

Sin resume

Reflexiones acerca de la regulación de la insolvencia de los grupos internacionales de sociedades en la Unión Europea

A pesar de que los grupos de sociedades son una forma de organización empresarial muy común en la práctica internacional actual, no existe una regulación adecuada de las situaciones de insolvencia en que pueden verse incursos. Los planteamientos de los que puede partirse para su regulación son: la separación de procedimientos, la consolidación procesal, la consolidación sustantiva y la cooperación procesal. Las medidas de consolidación exigirían la adopción de una defi nición de COMI para todo el grupo. Mientras se llega a un acuerdo sobre la defi nición de ese ECOMI, lo más adecuado es avanzar hacia medidas de cooperación procesal, favorecidas mediante la adopción de protocolos consensuados. La Propuesta de la Comisión Europea de nuevo Reglamento de Insolvencia de 2012 avanza en la línea de la cooperación procesal, descartando mecanismos de consolidación más allá de los procesales en supuestos en que exista CJI en relación con todas las sociedades del grupoAlthough corporate groups are a very common form of business organization in the current international practice, there is no appropriate regulation of the insolvency situations in which they may incur. The approaches that can be used for their regulation are: separation of procedures, procedural consolidation, substantive consolidation and procedural cooperation. Consolidation measures would require the adoption of a defi nition of COMI for the entire group. While agreement is reached on the defi nition of that ECOMI, it is best to move towards judicial cooperation measures, favored by the adoption of consensual protocols. The European Commission Proposal for a new Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings 2012 moves towards procedural cooperation, disregarding consolidation mechanisms beyond procedural ones where the same State has jurisdiction over all companies of the same groupEste artículo se enmarca en el proyecto de investigación DER 2012-36806, “Dimensión internacional del concurso de acreedores: nuevas perspectivas y soluciones”, financiado por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitivida

Journalistic interviews and statement texts: a procedure for information analysis and retrieval based on pronominal search modes

Se propone un procedimiento de análisis y recuperación de datos factuales a partir de entrevistas y textos declarativos periodísticos desde un enfoque pragmático. Los sistemas de documentación periodística suministran productos que no siempre responden a las demandas específicas de sus usuarios (periodistas, historiadores, profesores, investigadores sociales, público general), como ocurre con los llamados datos factuales. Para optimizar la obtención de este tipo de información puntual es necesario llevar a cabo estudios de los modos de interrogación pronominal (cómo se pide la información periodística) para convertirlos en categorías de análisis a través de las cuales los usuarios puedan ser simulados por los documentalistas de prensa. Sin embargo, estos estudios deben abarcar textos de un solo género periodístico, en este caso las entrevistas y lo que llamaremos “textos declarativos”, ya que las condiciones y estructuras de cada género o tipo textual imponen procedimientos y reglas analíticas diferentes, a pesar de detectarse analogías y extrapolaciones que deben ser investigadas cautelosamente con el fin de obtener mayor precisión y adecuación en las respuestas del sistema documental.This study proposes a pragmatic procedure of factual data analysis and retrieval of journalistic interviews and what we call “statement texts”. Journalistic documentation systems do not always offer the precision required to meet the specific demands of their end-users (journalists, historians, teachers, social scientists, general audience), as is the case with factual data. The retrieval of fact-based information is optimized by determing how users will ask for these data, simulating their pronominal searching behaviour, and then transforming those search modes into analytical categories for use by press documentalists. However, such studies should focus on a specific journalistic genre (in this case interviews and “statement texts”) because the conditions and structures of each genre or text type impose different analytical procedures and rules. Nonetheless, the resulting analogies and extrapolations should be carefully studied to improve the accuracy and relevance of the information system’s search results