Especial referencia al deber de información de las entidades financieras y al control de transparencia de las claúsulas incluidas en los contratos con los consumidores.

Para el prestatario, el principal y más suculento beneficio que le suponía contratar en una divisa extranjera, era beneficiarse de un tipo de interés inferior al EURIBOR. Sin embargo, el índice de referencia utilizado para este tipo de contratos, era el LIBOR, que referido concretamente al franco suizo o al yen japonés, se encontraba muy por debajo del EURIBOR, lo que era muy llamativo para los prestatarios.Departamento de Derecho Mercantil, Derecho del Trabajo e Internacional PrivadoMáster de abogací

Los caracteres del daño en la responsabilidad patrimonial de la Administración, con especial referencia al ámbito sanitario

Para que un daño cometido por la Administración genere responsabilidad, aquél ha de ser, en primer lugar, antijurídico, es decir, que el administrado no tenga el deber jurídico de tolerarlo. Esto quiere decir, que se excluye la responsabilidad por culpa típica del CC. Esa antijuridicidad se excluye para los daños derivados de hechos no previsibles conforme al estado de los conocimientos de la ciencia y la técnica. Y más particularmente, para el ámbito sanitario, esa antijuridicidad sólo se dará para los casos en que la actuación de la Administración sea contraria a la “lex artis”. En segundo lugar, el daño habrá de ser efectivo, darse sobre los bienes y derechos del lesionado, ya sean patrimoniales o personales, entrando también los morales. También serán resarcibles los daños futuros, cuyo acaecimiento sea indudable y certero. Añadir, que no sólo se resarcirá el daño emergente en los bienes o derechos del lesionado, sino también el lucro cesante, la ganancia dejada de percibir que sea real y justificada. En tercer término, el daño tiene que ser evaluable económicamente. Pero esto no quiere decir que sólo sean resarcibles los daños sobre derechos y bienes patrimoniales. También serán indemnizables los daños corporales y los morales, que integran el “pretium doloris”. Como última condición el daño tiene que ser individualizable, ya sea respecto a una persona o a un grupo determinado de ellas. Lo que no será indemnizable, será lo considerado como carga general de los administrados, ya sea por la complejidad de su determinación, o por el elevado número de sujetos dañados.So that a damage committed by the Administration generates responsibility,that one has to be, first of all, antijuridical, that is to say, that the administered one does not have the juridical duty of tolerate it. This means, that the responsibility is excluded by typical fault of the CC. This unlawfulness is excluded for the damages derived from not foreseeable facts in accordance with the state of the knowledge of the science and the skill. And more particularly, for the heath sector, this unlawfulness will only happen for the cases in that the performance of the Administration is opposite to “lex artis”. Secondly, the damage will have to be effective, happen on the goods and rights of the injured person, be already hereditary or personal, bringing in also the moral. Also there will be resarcibles the future damages, which event is undoubted and accurate. To add, that not only the emergent damage will be compensated in the goods or rights of the injured person, but also the dismissed lucre, the loss of profit , perceiving that it is real and well-taken. In third term, the damage has to be economically evaluable. But this does not mean that there are only resarcibles the damages on rights and hereditary goods. Also there will be recoverable the bodily harms and the moral,which they integrate “pretium doloris”. As last condition the damage has to be individualized, be already with regard to a person or to a certain group of them. What will not be recoverable, will be the considered like general load of the administrated ones, be already for the complexity of its determination, or for the high number of damaged subjects.Departamento de Derecho PúblicoGrado en Derech

A new insight on the decreasing sea level trend over the Ionian basin in the last decades

Se adjunta la versión postprint aceptada, que incluye las correcciones de de los revisores, debido a que la editorial tiene los derechos de copyright y no permite la difusión en acceso abierto de la versión publicada. Puede accederse a la misma a través del DOI que se incluye en los datos de la publicación.Altimetry measurements over the Ionian region and tide gauge records along the southern Italian coasts have been combined to analyse the negative sea level trend over the Ionian basin in the last decades. The apparent decreasing trend should be better understood as an abrupt sea level drop in 1998 probably linked to changes in the surface circulation in the Ionian basin induced by the Eastern Mediterranean Transient, which changed from anticyclonic to cyclonic about March 1998. From then onwards, a rising rate of 7.9 ± 0.9 mm/year is observed over the basin.Este trabajo se llevó a cabo en el marco del proyecto P07-RNM-02938 financiado por la Junta de Andalucía. También tuvo financiación parcial del proyecto CTM2006-02326 financiado por Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología de España. JSN disfrutaba de una beca de doctorado de la Conserjería de Innovación Ciencia y Empresa, Junta de Andalucía

Simulador informático para el aprendizaje sobre el diagnóstico y el tratamiento del dolor

Memoria ID-146. Ayudas de la Universidad de Salamanca para la innovación docente, curso 2019-2020.[ES]El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar el diseño y desarrollo de una herramienta de simulación para su aplicación en el aprendizaje mediante simulador, denominada SimDolor. Es una herramienta de aprendizaje sobre el diagnóstico y tratamiento del Dolor para estudiantes de Grado, médicos internos residentes y especialistas, que consta de una base de datos de casos clínicos reales anonimizados que permite a los usuarios aprender en base a una toma de decisiones propia de cada caso clínic

Laforin, a dual specificity protein phosphatase involved in Lafora disease, is phosphorylated at Ser25 by AMP-activated protein kinase

Carlos Romá-Mateo et alt.Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy [LD (Lafora disease)] is a fatal autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss-of-function mutations in either the EPM2A gene, encoding the dual-specificity phosphatase laforin, or the EPM2B gene, encoding the E3-ubiquitin ligase malin. Previously, we and others showed that laforin and malin form a functional complex that regulates multiple aspects of glycogen metabolism, and that the interaction between laforin and malin is enhanced by conditions activating AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase). In the present study, we demonstrate that laforin is a phosphoprotein, as indicated by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and we identify Ser25 as the residue involved in this modification. We also show that Ser25 is phosphorylated both in vitro and in vivo by AMPK. Lastly, we demonstrate that this residue plays a critical role for both the phosphatase activity and the ability of laforin to interact with itself and with previously established binding partners. The results of the present study suggest that phosphorylation of laforin-Ser25 by AMPK provides a mechanism to modulate the interaction between laforin and malin. Regulation of this complex is necessary to maintain normal glycogen metabolism. Importantly, Ser25 is mutated in some LD patients (S25P), and our results begin to elucidate the mechanism of disease in these patientsThis work was supported the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science [grant number SAF2008-01907 (to P.S.)]; the Generalitat Valenciana [grant number Prometeo 2009/051 (to P.S.)]; the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers R00NS061803, P20RR020171, R01NS070899 (to M.S.G.)]; and the University of Kentucky College of Medicine startup funds (to M.S.G.)Peer reviewe

Mass spectrometric study of the photooxidation of the ophthalmic drugs timolol and pindolol

A mass spectrometric study of the photooxidation products of the ophthalmic drugs pindolol (1-[1H-indol-4-yloxyl]-3-[isopropylamino]-2-propanol) and timolol (S-[-]-1-[t-butylamino]-3-[(4-morpholino-1,2,5-thiadiazol-3-yl)oxyl]-2-propanol) in water has been performed by LC-MS. Based on these data and the assumption that photooxidation mainly occurs through singlet molecular oxygen attack, a possible reaction mechanism is proposed. The mechanistic pathways involve singlet oxygen attack to the pindolol indole ring and oxidation of the pindolol isopropyl or timolol terbutyl methyl groups.Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y AplicadasLaboratorio de Estudio de Compuestos Orgánico

“COAGULATION”: a mnemonic device for treating coagulation disorders following traumatic brain injury—a narrative-based method in the intensive care unit

IntroductionCoagulopathy associated with isolated traumatic brain injury (C-iTBI) is a frequent complication associated with poor outcomes, primarily due to its role in the development or progression of haemorrhagic brain lesions. The independent risk factors for its onset are age, severity of traumatic brain injury (TBI), volume of fluids administered during resuscitation, and pre-injury use of antithrombotic drugs. Although the pathophysiology of C-iTBI has not been fully elucidated, two distinct stages have been identified: an initial hypocoagulable phase that begins within the first 24 h, dominated by platelet dysfunction and hyperfibrinolysis, followed by a hypercoagulable state that generally starts 72 h after the trauma. The aim of this study was to design an acronym as a mnemonic device to provide clinicians with an auxiliary tool in the treatment of this complication.MethodsA narrative analysis was performed in which intensive care physicians were asked to list the key factors related to C-iTBI. The initial sample was comprised of 33 respondents. Respondents who were not physicians, not currently working in or with experience in coagulopathy were excluded. Interviews were conducted for a month until the sample was saturated. Each participant was asked a single question: Can you identify a factor associated with coagulopathy in patients with TBI? Factors identified by respondents were then submitted to a quality check based on published studies and proven evidence. Because all the factors identified had strong support in the literature, none was eliminated. An acronym was then developed to create the mnemonic device.Results and conclusionEleven factors were identified: cerebral computed tomography, oral anticoagulant & antiplatelet use, arterial blood pressure (Hypotension), goal-directed haemostatic therapy, use fluids cautiously, low calcium levels, anaemia-transfusion, temperature, international normalised ratio (INR), oral antithrombotic reversal, normal acid–base status, forming the acronym “Coagulation.” This acronym is a simple mnemonic device, easy to apply for anyone facing the challenge of treating patients of moderate or severe TBI on a daily basis

Kinetic study of the oxidation of phenolic derivatives of α,α,α-trifluorotoluene by singlet molecular oxygen [O₂(¹Δg)] and hydrogen phosphate radicals

The oxidation kinetics and mechanism of the phenolic derivatives of α,α,α-trifluorotoluene, 2-trifluoromethylphenol, 3-trifluoromethylphenol (3-TFMP), 4-trifluoromethylphenol and 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenol, mediated by singlet molecular oxygen, O2(¹Δg), and hydrogen phosphate radicals were studied, employing time-resolved O2(¹Δg) phosphorescence detection, polarographic determination of dissolved oxygen and flash photolysis. All the substrates are highly photo-oxidizable through a O2(¹Δg)-mediated mechanism. The phenols show overall quenching constants for O2(¹Δg) of the order of 106 M⁻¹ s⁻¹ in D2O, while the values for the phenoxide ions in water range from 1.2 × 10⁸ to 3.6 × 10⁸ M⁻¹ s⁻¹. The effects of the pH and polarity of the medium on the kinetics of the photo-oxidative process suggest a charge-transfer mechanism. 2-Trifluoromethyl-1,4-benzoquinone is suspected to be the main photo-oxidation product for the substrate 3-TFMP. The absolute rate constants for the reactions of HPO4•− with the substrates range from 4 × 10⁸ to 1 × 10⁹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹. The 3-trifluoromethylphenoxyl radical was observed as the organic intermediate formed after reaction of 3-TFMP with HPO₄•⁻, yielding 2,2’-bis(fluorohydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4,4’-diol as the end product. The observed results indicate that singlet molecular oxygen and hydrogen phosphate radicals not only react at different rates with the phenols of α,α,α-trifluorotoluene, but the reactions also proceed through different reaction channels.Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y AplicadasLaboratorio de Estudio de Compuestos Orgánico

Transient inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway prevents B-ALL development in genetically predisposed mice

Preventing development of childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), a disease with devastating effects, is a longstanding and unsolved challenge. Heterozygous germline alterations in the PAX5 gene can lead to B-ALL upon accumulation of secondary mutations affecting the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Preclinical studies have shown that this malignant transformation occurs only under immune stress such as exposure to infectious pathogens. Here we show in Pax5+/− mice that transient, early-life administration of clinically relevant doses of ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, significantly mitigates the risk of B-ALL following exposure to infection; 1 of 29 animals treated with ruxolitinib developed B-ALL versus 8 of 34 untreated mice. Ruxolitinib treatment preferentially targeted Pax5+/− versus wild-type B-cell progenitors and exerted unique effects on the Pax5+/− B-cell progenitor transcriptional program. These findings provide the first in vivo evidence for a potential strategy to prevent B-ALL development.C. Cobaleda and C. Vicente-Dueñas labs are members of the EU COST Action LEGEND (CA16223). Research in C. Vicente-Dueñas group has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the project " PI17/00167 and by a “Miguel Servet Grant” [CPII19/00024 - AES 2017-2020; co-funded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)/European Social Fund (ESF) "A way to make Europe"/"Investing in your future"]. J.J. Yang and K.E. Nichols receive funding from the American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC) and R01CA241452 from the NCI. Research in ISG group is partially supported by FEDER and by SAF2015-64420-R MINECO/FEDER, UE, RTI2018-093314-B-I00 MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE, 9659122185-122185-4-21 MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE, by Junta de Castilla y León (UIC-017, CSI001U16, CSI234P18, and CSI144P20). M. Ramírez-Orellana and I. Sánchez-García have been supported by the Fundacion Unoentrecienmil (CUNINA project). C. Cobaleda, M. Ramírez-Orellana, and I. Sánchez-García have been supported by the Fundación Científica de la Asociación Española contra el Cáncer (PRYCO211305SANC). A. Casado-García (CSI067-18) and M. Isidro-Hernández (CSI021-19) are supported by FSE-Conserjería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León 2019 and 2020 (ESF, European Social Fund) fellowship, respectively. J. Raboso-Gallego is supported by a scholarship from University of Salamanca co-financed by Banco Santander and ESF. S. Alemán-Arteaga is supported by an Ayuda para Contratos predoctorales para la formación de doctores (PRE2019-088887)