GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Call of Attention to Nephrologists

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents the main cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESKD), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. Despite advances in the nephroprotective treatment of T2DM, DKD remains the most common complication, driving the need for renal replacement therapies (RRT) worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. Until recently, prevention of DKD progression was based around strict blood pressure (BP) control, using renin-angiotensin system blockers that simultaneously reduce BP and proteinuria, adequate glycemic control and control of cardiovascular risk factors. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are a new class of anti-hyperglycemic drugs shown to improve cardiovascular and renal events in DKD. In this regard, GLP-1RA offer the potential for adequate glycemic control in multiple stages of DKD without an increased risk of hypoglycemia, preventing the onset of macroalbuminuria and slowing the decline of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in diabetic patients, also bringing additional benefit in weight reduction, cardiovascular and other kidney outcomes. Results from ongoing trials are pending to assess the impact of GLP-1RA treatments on primary kidney endpoints in DKD

Is Energy Expenditure or Physical Activity Considered When Energy Intake Is Measured? A Scoping Review 1975-2015

Support from the Spanish Nutrition Society (SEN) is highly acknowledged.The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10 .3390/nu13093262/s1, Excel data review results.The health-transitions humans have delivered during the 20th Century associated with the nutrition is that from undernutrition to obesity, which perseveres in the current years of the 21st Century. Energy intake (EI) is a contributing factor and therefore a fascination in nutritional sciences. However, energy expenditure (EE) has not been usually considered as a conjoint factor. Thus, this study aimed to review if studies on adults consider data on dietary intake, specifically EI, and included data on EE and physical activity (PA). A search of MEDLINE from 1975 to December 2015 was managed. Our scoping review consisted of keywords related to EI, dietary allowances, and nutritional requirements. From 2229 acknowledged articles, 698 articles were finally taken fulfilling inclusion and quality criteria. A total of 2,081,824 adults (53.7% females) were involved, and most studies had been conducted in EEUU (241), Canada (42), Australia (30), Japan (32), and Brazil (14). In Europe, apart from UK (64), the Netherlands (31) and France (26) led the classification, followed by Sweden (18), Denmark (17), and France (26). Mediterranean countries are represented with 27 studies. A total of 76.4% did not include EE and 93.1% did not include PA. Only 23.6% of the studies contained both EI and EE. A large methodological diversity was perceived, with more than 14 different methods regarding EI, and more than 10 for EE. PA was only analyzed in scarce articles, and scarcely considered for interpretation of data and conclusions. Moreover, PA was often measured by subjective questionnaires. Dietary surveys show a large diversity regarding methodology, which makes comparability of studies difficult. EE and PA are missing in around 80% of studies or are not included in the interpretation of results. Conclusions regarding EI or diet adequacy in adults should not be taken without analyzing EE and PA.Spanish Nutrition Society (SEN

RICORS2040 : The need for collaborative research in chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a silent and poorly known killer. The current concept of CKD is relatively young and uptake by the public, physicians and health authorities is not widespread. Physicians still confuse CKD with chronic kidney insufficiency or failure. For the wider public and health authorities, CKD evokes kidney replacement therapy (KRT). In Spain, the prevalence of KRT is 0.13%. Thus health authorities may consider CKD a non-issue: very few persons eventually need KRT and, for those in whom kidneys fail, the problem is 'solved' by dialysis or kidney transplantation. However, KRT is the tip of the iceberg in the burden of CKD. The main burden of CKD is accelerated ageing and premature death. The cut-off points for kidney function and kidney damage indexes that define CKD also mark an increased risk for all-cause premature death. CKD is the most prevalent risk factor for lethal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the factor that most increases the risk of death in COVID-19, after old age. Men and women undergoing KRT still have an annual mortality that is 10- to 100-fold higher than similar-age peers, and life expectancy is shortened by ~40 years for young persons on dialysis and by 15 years for young persons with a functioning kidney graft. CKD is expected to become the fifth greatest global cause of death by 2040 and the second greatest cause of death in Spain before the end of the century, a time when one in four Spaniards will have CKD. However, by 2022, CKD will become the only top-15 global predicted cause of death that is not supported by a dedicated well-funded Centres for Biomedical Research (CIBER) network structure in Spain. Realizing the underestimation of the CKD burden of disease by health authorities, the Decade of the Kidney initiative for 2020-2030 was launched by the American Association of Kidney Patients and the European Kidney Health Alliance. Leading Spanish kidney researchers grouped in the kidney collaborative research network Red de Investigación Renal have now applied for the Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientadas a Resultados en Salud (RICORS) call for collaborative research in Spain with the support of the Spanish Society of Nephrology, Federación Nacional de Asociaciones para la Lucha Contra las Enfermedades del Riñón and ONT: RICORS2040 aims to prevent the dire predictions for the global 2040 burden of CKD from becoming true

Eating out of Home: Influence on Nutrition, Health, and Policies: A Scoping Review

Eating out of home (EOH) is a common practice worldwide but research gaps have been identified. The aims of this review were (a) to find a common definition for EOH, (b) to determine the nutritional contribution of EOH, and (c) to analyze the relationship of EOH with health parameters in adults. Fifty-seven articles were finally selected. The definition of EOH was not harmonized between researchers and the comparison between studies was quite difficult. Restaurant and fast food were the terms most used, followed by chain restaurant, à la carte, sit-down restaurant, eating at table, full service, ready to eat, takeaway, buffet and buffet by weight, bar, cafes, and cafeterias, either alone or attached to at least one of the above. The profile of the main EOH participant was a highly educated, high-income, and unmarried young man. EOH was related to a body mass index (BMI) or being overweight in a different way depending on age, sex, or EOH frequency. A high rate of EOH led to poorer diet quality, characterized by higher intakes of energy, total and saturated fats, sugar, and sodium, as well as lower intakes of fiber, dairy, fruit, vegetables, and micronutrients. Regarding beverages, a higher intake of soft drinks, sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juices, beer, and other alcohol was observed when EOH. There is a need for a methodological consensus for analyzing the impact of EOH on dietary intake and health to avoid bias. Additionally, measures and policies should be utilized to help consumers to make healthier choices when EOH is compatible with business regarding those running EOH establishments

Efficient identification of Microtus cabrerae excrements using noninvasive molecular analysis

Peer Reviewe

Primer Informe del Observatorio Socio Jurídico de la Justicia y las Políticas Públicas

Se presenta el Primer Informe del Programa del Observatorio de la Justicia y las Políticas Públicas, el cual contiene los resultados de los primeros cuatro proyectos de investigación desarrollados en aquella dirección. Los cuatro proyectos de investigación que componen este primer informe, encuadran además en lo que se denomina como sociología de los jueces o sociología de la justicia; lo cual significa que el objeto de estudio de las investigaciones es el comportamiento de los jueces y juezas, y de las decisiones que toman, en instancias especializadas del trabajo judicialUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas (IIJ

Composición química y digestibilidad in vitro en porcino y rumiantes de subproductos de la aceituna

Durante la obtencion del aceite de oliva se generan grandes cantidades de subproductos que tienen un alto poder contaminante, pero tambiln contienen nutrientes, por lo que pueden ser utilizados en alimentacion animal. Dos de estos subproductos son la pulpa de aceituna y el orujillo, ambos procedentes del procesado del alperujo. El alperujo, tras ser deshidratado y retirados los restos de huesos, genera pulpa de aceituna, cuya grasa puede ser posteriormente extraida y se genera orujillo. La composicion quimica de estos subproductos varia ampliamente segun las caracteristicas de la aceituna y las condiciones de cultivo, pero tambien con el procesado que sufren en las orujeras, influyendo todos estos factores en su valor nutritivo (Molina-Alcaide et al., 2003). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la variabilidad existente en la composicion quimica de muestras de pulpa de aceituna y orujillo y la relacion entre la composicion quimica y su digestibilidad in vitro en poricnoy rumiantes

Composición química y digestibilidad in vitro en porcino y rumiantes de subproductos de la aceituna

Durante la obtencion del aceite de oliva se generan grandes cantidades de subproductos que tienen un alto poder contaminante, pero tambiln contienen nutrientes, por lo que pueden ser utilizados en alimentacion animal. Dos de estos subproductos son la pulpa de aceituna y el orujillo, ambos procedentes del procesado del alperujo. El alperujo, tras ser deshidratado y retirados los restos de huesos, genera pulpa de aceituna, cuya grasa puede ser posteriormente extraida y se genera orujillo. La composicion quimica de estos subproductos varia ampliamente segun las caracteristicas de la aceituna y las condiciones de cultivo, pero tambien con el procesado que sufren en las orujeras, influyendo todos estos factores en su valor nutritivo (Molina-Alcaide et al., 2003). El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la variabilidad existente en la composicion quimica de muestras de pulpa de aceituna y orujillo y la relacion entre la composicion quimica y su digestibilidad in vitro en poricnoy rumiantes