Macromorfología y crecimiento radial de cepas de hongos entomopatógenos suplementado con polvo de lepidópteros

The macromorphology of Beauveria bassiana (B1), Metarhizium anisopliae (M1) and Isaria javanica (HPI-210) strains was studied, as well as its radial growth at temperatures of 25, 28, 30, 35 and 40 °C in PDA medium supplemented with powder of Diatraea considerata, Spodoptera frugiperda and Galleria mellonella. The fungi were inoculated by adding 2 µl of a suspension with 1 x 107 spores/ml. Afterwards the radial strains growth in mm/d was measured during 15 d. To determine the interaction between the three strains, the three lepidopteran powders, control PDA and the five temperatures, a factorial analysis 3 x 4 x 5 was used; fungi growth data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. The macromorphological characteristics of each species were studied, finding significant statistical differences in the growth at different temperatures, with respect to the control. The optimal growth for the three fungi was at 28 °C. Strain B1 supplemented with D. considerata powder grew 2.76 ± 0.06 mm/d, M1, G. mellonella 2.77 ± 0.02 mm/d and M1 HPI-210 D. considerata 3.27 ± 0.06 mm/d. Strains B1 grew 0.45 ± 0.03 mm/d and M1 1.22 ± 0.03 at 30 °C, while HPI-210 did not grow after 28 °C. These results suggested that the strains were induced by medium contained insect supplementation; at 28 °C, HPI-210 obtained the best growth/d (F = 25.24, E8, P = 0.0001), followed by M1 and B1, while M1 supplemented with S. frugiperda grew best at 30 °C (F = 38.33, E8, P = 0.0001). These results of radial growth, macromorphology and tolerance of strains at temperature, allow the selection of the best strains to assess its virulence in insect pests.Se estudió la macromorfología de cepas de Beauveria bassiana (B1), Metarhizium anisopliae (M1) e Isaria javanica (HPI-210) y se determinó su crecimiento radial a temperaturas de 25, 28, 30, 35 y 40 °C en medio PDA suplementado con polvos de Diatraea considerata, Spodoptera frugiperda y Galleria mellonella. Los hongos se inocularon adicionando 2 µl de una suspensión con 1 x 107 esporas/ml. Después de 15 días se midió el crecimiento radial de las cepas en mm/d. Para determinar la interacción entre las tres cepas con el polvo de los tres insectos más el control PDA y las cinco temperaturas, se usó un análisis factorial 3 x 4 x 5; los datos del crecimiento de los hongos fueron analizados mediante un ANOVA y una prueba de Tukey. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticas significativas en el crecimiento a diferente temperatura, respecto al control; el crecimiento óptimo en los tres hongos fue a 28 °C, la cepa B1 suplementada con polvo de D. considerata creció 2,76 ± 0,06 mm/d, M1 con G. mellonella 2,77 ± 0,02 mm/d, y HPI-210 con D. considerata 3,27 ± 0,06 mm/d. La cepa B1 creció 0,45 ± 0,03 mm/d, M1 1,22 ± 0,0 mm/d a 30 °C, mientras que HPI-210 no creció después de 28 °C. Estos resultados sugieren que las tres cepas fueron inducidas a crecer mejor por efecto de los medios suplementados con los insectos; a 28 °C, HPI-210 presentó el mayor crecimiento/d (F = 25,24, E8, P = 0,0001) seguido de M1 y B1, mientras que M1 con suplemento de S. frugiperda creció mejor a 30 °C (F = 38,33, E8, P = 0,0001). Estos resultados de crecimiento radial, desarrollo macromorfológico y tolerancia a la temperatura permiten seleccionar a las mejores cepas para evaluar su virulencia en insectos plaga

Macromorphology and radial growth of entomopathogenic fungi strains suplement with lepidoteran poder.

The macromorphology of Beauveria bassiana (B1), Metarhizium anisopliae (M1) and Isaria javanica (HPI-210) strains was studied, as well as its radial growth at temperatures of 25, 28, 30, 35 and 40 °C in PDA medium supplemented with powder of Diatraea considerata, Spodoptera frugiperda and Galleria mellonella. The fungi were inoculated by adding 2 µl of a suspension with 1 x 107 spores/ml. Afterwards the radial strains growth in mm/d was measured during 15 d. To determine the interaction between the three strains, the three lepidopteran powders, control PDA and the five temperatures, a factorial analysis 3 x 4 x 5 was used; fungi growth data was analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test. The macromorphological characteristics of each species were studied, finding significant statistical differences in the growth at different temperatures, with respect to the control. The optimal growth for the three fungi was at 28 °C. Strain B1 supplemented with D. considerata powder grew 2.76 ± 0.06 mm/d, M1, G. mellonella 2.77 ± 0.02 mm/d and M1 HPI-210 D. considerata 3.27 ± 0.06 mm/d. Strains B1 grew 0.45 ± 0.03 mm/d and M1 1.22 ± 0.03 at 30 °C, while HPI-210 did not grow after 28 °C. These results suggested that the strains were induced by medium contained insect supplementation; at 28 °C, HPI-210 obtained the best growth/d (F = 25.24, E8, P = 0.0001), followed by M1 and B1, while M1 supplemented with S. frugiperda grew best at 30 °C (F = 38.33, E8, P = 0.0001). These results of radial growth, macromorphology and tolerance of strains at temperature, allow the selection of the best strains to assess its virulence in insect pests

Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development

Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified