25 research outputs found

    Relación de la atribución causal, la identidad social y la eficacia política con la participación social y la privación relativa

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    Se realizó el estudio con 168 mujeres y 138 hombres. La identidad social cognitiva influyó sobre la actitud hacia la participación social en hombres, pero el modelo explicó dos veces más porcentaje de varianza en mujeres. En ambos sexos, las variables independientes importantes sobre la privación relativa cognitiva fueron la identidad social cognitiva y la eficacia política. En la privación relativa afectiva las variables relevantes para hombres y mujeres también fueron la identidad social cognitiva y la eficacia política. Estos resultados se interpretan a favor de las teorías de la identidad social, la categorización del yo y la privación relativa

    Effect size, confidence intervals and statistical power in psychological research

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    Quantitative psychological research is focused on detecting the occurrence of certain population phenomena by analyzing data from a sample, and statistics is a particularly helpful mathematical tool that is used by researchers to evaluate hypotheses and make decisions to accept or reject such hypotheses. In this paper, the various statistical tools in psychological research are reviewed. The limitations of null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) and the advantages of using effect size and its respective confidence intervals are explained, as the latter two measurements can provide important information about the results of a study. These measurements also can facilitate data interpretation and easily detect trivial effects, enabling researchers to make decisions in a more clinically relevant fashion. Moreover, it is recommended to establish an appropriate sample size by calculating the optimum statistical power at the moment that the research is designed. Psychological journal editors are encouraged to follow APA recommendations strictly and ask authors of original research studies to report the effect size, its confidence intervals, statistical power and, when required, any measure of clinical significance. Additionally, we must account for the teaching of statistics at the graduate level. At that level, students do not receive sufficient information concerning the importance of using different types of effect sizes and their confidence intervals according to the different types of research designs; instead, most of the information is focused on the various tools of NHST

    Variables related to sexual prejudice among Mexican health science students

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    The stigmatization and discrimination of non-heterosexual persons is a reality in some institutions of the Health Services, and among health sciences students. Objectives: To describe and predict the level of sexual prejudice in health sciences students, taking into account a set of qualitative and numerical variables on socio-demographic data, sexual life, social life, university (private or public) the student’s major (medicine or psychology), and clinical aspects. Methodology: A socio-demographic and life-history data questionnaire, an 8-item homophobia scale and a 16-item internalized homonegativity scale were applied to a non-probabilistic sample composed of 231 health sciences students. The predictive models were estimated by analyses of multinomial and ordinal regression. Results: Twelve percent of participants exhibited an attitude of open rejection towards nonheterosexual persons (including 0.9% who exhibited extreme rejection). Non-heterosexual orientation, having non-heterosexual friends and acceptance of one’s own homosexual desires were variables associated with lower levels of open rejection towards non-heterosexual persons. Only the two latter variables were significant predictive variables; they explained 21% of the variance in the ordinal regression model and 27% in the multinomial regression model. The percentage of the correct classification of cases of acceptance was high but the percentage of the correct classification of cases of rejection was low. Conclusion: The level of open rejection towards non-heterosexual persons is low. An exclusively heterosexual identity, affirming not to share aspects of the sexual sphere and not having personal contact with the stigmatized subject are determinants of open rejection. There exist other variables that were not taken into account in this study, as is deduced by the high percentage of unexplained varianc

    El efecto de la hipnoterapia en la calidad de sueño de mujeres con cáncer de mama

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    Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio es comprobar la eficacia de la hipnoterapia en la calidad de sueño de mujeres con cáncer de mama, mientras recibían tratamiento médico estándar. Método: Participaron 40 pacientes con cáncer de mama en los primeros estadios, programadas para quimioterapia. Se conformaron dos grupos de 20 pacientes cada uno, a uno de los grupos se le aplicó una fase intensiva de 12 sesiones de hipnoterapia grupal durante un mes y una segunda fase de 12 sesiones cada quince días, durante seis meses mientras que el otro grupo (control) solo recibió tratamiento médico estándar. La calidad de sueño de las pacientes de ambos grupos fue evaluada con el Índice de Calidad de Sueño de Pittsburgh (ICSP) que se aplicó antes de la intervención, así como al término de las 12 y 24 sesiones. Resultados: Al finalizar el primer bloque de 12 sesiones, el grupo de hipnoterapia mostró una mejoría clínica y estadísticamente significativa en los componentes de latencia, duración, eficiencia y calidad global de sueño del ICSP. Posteriormente, a las 24 sesiones solo se mantuvo la significancia en el componente de eficiencia de sueño y en los otros tres componentes únicamente se mantuvo la mejoría clínica. En comparación con el grupo control, que a las 12 sesiones mostró un aumento en los componentes lo que indica una peor calidad de sueño, manteniendo estos resultados a las 24 sesiones. Conclusiones: La hipnoterapia es una técnica psicoterapéutica útil para mejorar la calidad de sueño de mujeres con cáncer de mama que reciben quimioterapia. Sin embargo es importante, diseñar un estudio experimental aleatorizado que confirme estos datos. Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study is to test the effectiveness of hypnotherapy in sleep quality in breast cancer women while receiving standard medical treatment.Method: Participants were 40 breast cancer patients in the early stages, scheduled for chemotherapy. Two groups of 20 patients each, one group was applied an intensive phase of 12 sessions of group hypnotherapy for a month and a second phase of 12 sessions every fortnight for six months while the other group was formed (control) received only standard medical treatment. Sleep quality of patients in both groups was assessed with the Quality Index Pittsburgh Sleep (ICSP) that was applied before surgery and at the end of 12 and 24 sessions.Results: At the end of the first block of 12 sessions, the hypnotherapy group showed a clinically and statistically significant in the components of latency, duration, efficiency and overall quality of sleep ICSP improvement. Later, at only 24 sessions’s significance in the sleep efficiency component and the other three components shall be maintained clinical improvement was maintained. These results compared with the control group, at 12 sessions that showed an increase in components indicating a poorer quality of sleep, keeping these results to 24 sessions.Conclusions: The psychotherapeutic hypnotherapy is a useful technique to improve sleep quality in breast cancer women receiving chemotherapy. However it is important to design a randomized pilot study to confirm these data

    Psychometric properties of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in Mexican elderly women

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    Objetivo: analizar y evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de las subescalas que componen la versión en español de la Escala Beneficios/Barreras para el Ejercicio en población anciana del noreste de México. Método: estudio metodológico. La muestra estuvo constituida por 329 ancianas adscritas a alguna de cinco casas-club públicas del área metropolitana del noreste de México. Las propiedades psicométricas incluyeron la evaluación del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, el coeficiente Kaiser Meyer Olkin, la correlación inter-ítem, análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Resultados: en el análisis de componentes principales se identificaron dos componentes a partir de los 43 ítems de la escala. El coeficiente de correlación ítem-total de la subescala beneficios del ejercicio fue bueno. Sin embargo, el de barreras para el ejercicio mostró inconsistencias. La confiabilidad y validez fueron aceptables. Con el análisis factorial confirmatorio se identificó que la eliminación de ítems mejoraba la calidad de ajuste del modelo basal de la escala sin afectar su validez ni confiabilidad. Conclusión: la Escala Beneficios/Barreras para el Ejercicio presenta parámetros psicométricos satisfactorios para el contexto mexicano. Se presenta una versión corta de 15 ítems con estructura factorial, validez y confiabilidad similares a los de la escala completa.Objective: analyze and assess the psychometric properties of the subscales in the Spanish version of the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale in an elderly population in the Northeast of Mexico. Method: methodological study. The sample consisted of 329 elderly associated with one of the five public centers for senior citizens in the metropolitan area of Northeast Mexico. The psychometric properties included the assessment of the Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the Kaiser Meyer Olkin coefficient, the inter-item correlation, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: in the principal components analysis, two components were identified based on the 43 items in the scale. The item-total correlation coefficient of the exercise benefits subscale was good. Nevertheless, the coefficient for the exercise barriers subscale revealed inconsistencies. The reliability and validity were acceptable. The confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the elimination of items improved the goodness of fit of the baseline scale, without affecting its validity or reliability. Conclusion: the Exercise Benefits/Barriers subscale presented satisfactory psychometric properties for the Mexican context. A 15-item short version is presented with factorial structure, validity and reliability similar to the complete scale.Objetivo: analisar e avaliar as propriedades psicométricas das subescalas que compõem a versão em espanhol da Escala de Benefícios/Barreiras para o Exercício em uma população idosa do nordeste do México. Método: estudo metodológico. A amostra abrangeu 329 idosas adstritas a uma das cinco casas de convivência públicas da área metropolitana do Nordeste mexicano. As propriedades psicométricas incluíram a avaliação do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, o coeficiente Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, a correlação inter-itens, análise fatorial exploratória e confirmatória. Resultados: na análise de componentes principais, foram identificados dois componentes a partir dos 43 itens da escala. O coeficiente de correlação item-total da subescala benefícios do exercício foi adequado. Porém, o coeficiente da subescala barreiras para o exercício mostrou inconsistências. A confiabilidade e validade foram aceitáveis. A análise fatorial confirmatória revelou que a eliminação de itens melhorava a qualidade de ajuste do modelo basal da escala sem afetar sua validade ou confiabilidade. Conclusão: a Escala de Benefícios/Barreiras para o Exercício apresenta parâmetros psicométricos satisfatórios para o contexto mexicano. Apresenta-se uma versão reduzida de 15 itens com estrutura fatorial, validade e confiabilidade similares aos da escala completa

    Validez e invarianza factorial de una medida breve de Satisfacción con la Vida Familiar

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    RESUMEN Se examinó la estructura factorial, la confiabilidad, la validez convergente y discriminante, y la invarianza factorial por sexo, de la Satisfaction with Family Life Scale (SWFLS). Los participantes fueron 804 estudiantes de primaria y secundaria de escuelas privadas de Lima, con un promedio de edad de 13.5 años (DE = 1.6). Los resultados confirman la estructura unidimensional de la escala (χ2 = 3.49, df = 5, p = 0.63; χ2/df = 0.69; GFI = 0.998; CFI = 1; NFI = 0.998; RMSEA = 0 [IC90% 0, 0.038] y SRMR = 0.007), la invarianza factorial por sexo y una consistencia interna adecuada (α = 0.84; ω = 0.84; H = 0.85). Se obtuvieron evidencias satisfactorias de validez convergente y discriminante de las SWFLS con medidas de funcionalidad familiar, bienestar subjetivo y depresión. En conclusión, la SWFLS presenta excelentes propiedades psicométricas para medir la satisfacción con la vida familiar en escolares limeños. Palabras clave análisis factorial confirmatorio; invarianza factorial; satisfacción con la vida familiar; escolares peruanos. ABSTRACT We examined the factor structure, reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and factorial invariance by sex of the Satisfaction with Family Life Scale (SWFLS). The participants were 804 primary and secondary students from private schools in Lima, with an average age of 13.5 years (SD = 1.6). The results confirm the one-dimensional structure of the scale (χ2 = 3.49, df = 5, p = 0.63, χ2/df = 0.69, GFI = 0.998, CFI = 1, NFI = 0.998, RMSEA = 0 [IC90% 0, 0.038], and SRMR = 0.007), factorial invariance by sex and adequate internal consistency (α = 0.84; ω = 0.84; H = 0.85). Satisfactory evidence of convergent and discriminant validity of the SWFLS was obtained with measures of family functionality, subjective well-being and depression. In conclusion, the SWFLS presents excellent psychometric properties to measure satisfaction with family life in Lima schoolchildren. Keywords confirmatory factor analysis; factorial invariance; satisfaction with family life; Peruvian schoolchildren

    Políticas públicas en materia de salud en México, con especial énfasis en el período 1994-2000

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    In the current theoretical essay we analyze the evolution of public health policies in Mexico, with special emphasis in the proposals stated by the Dr. Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León federal goverment in the period 1994-2000. We discusses if that health policies represented an improvement in the Mexican's health condition or in an increase of mortality rates, in particular those related to non-communicable diseases (e.g., heart diseases, malignant tumors and diabetes, mainly).En el presente ensayo teórico se analiza la evolución de las políticas públicas en materia de salud en México, con especial énfasis en las propuestas formuladas por el gobierno federal del Dr. Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León en el periodo 1994- 2000. Se discute si esas políticas se tradujeron en una mejora en la condición de salud de los mexicanos o en un incremento en las tasas de mortalidad, en particular las relacionadas con las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (i.e., del corazón, tumores malignos y diabetes, principalmente)

    Prevalencia de Trastornos de Sueño en Relación con Factores Sociodemográficos y Depresión en Adultos Mayores de Monterrey, México

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    La prevalencia de síntomas de trastornos, calidad de sueño y depresión se evaluó en 313 adultos mayores en la ciudad de Monterrey, México con el Cuestionario de Trastornos de Sueño Monterrey, el Índice de Calidad del Sueño de Pittsburgh y la Escala de Depresión Geriátrica de Yesavage. Los resultados indicaron que los adultos mayores presentaron 50% ronquido, 24% piernas inquietas e insomnio, 44.1% mala calidad de sueño, y 62% síntomas de depresión. Los trastornos de sueño son los que más afectan la calidad de sueño en esta población, por lo que es importante la detección y tratamiento de estos trastornos en los adultos mayores
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