-Briga Toponyms in the Iberian Peninsula

The existence in Hispania of a very large number of place-names with the -briga ending has been used for several decades in reconstructing the languages spoken in pre-Roman times in the Iberian Peninsula. The phonetics of -briga strongly suggest that this place-name element was created by Celtic speakers. I offer a theoretical classification of these place-names considering at least four different types according to their internal structure. Several examples from Hispania are presented and classified in one of the four categories, followed by general comments on the implications of the distribution of the -briga place-names

Electricity clustering framework for automatic classification of customer loads

Clustering in energy markets is a top topic with high significance on expert and intelligent systems. The main impact of is paper is the proposal of a new clustering framework for the automatic classification of electricity customers’ loads. An automatic selection of the clustering classification algorithm is also highlighted. Finally, new customers can be assigned to a predefined set of clusters in the classificationphase. The computation time of the proposed framework is less than that of previous classification tech- niques, which enables the processing of a complete electric company sample in a matter of minutes on a personal computer. The high accuracy of the predicted classification results verifies the performance of the clustering technique. This classification phase is of significant assistance in interpreting the results, and the simplicity of the clustering phase is sufficient to demonstrate the quality of the complete mining framework.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2013-40767-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad IDI- 2015004

El género Puccinellia Parl. (Poaceae) en la Comunidad Valenciana

Se realiza una revisión taxonómica de las especies del género Puccine- llia presentes en la flora de la Comunidad Valenciana. Como resultado se acepta la existencia de tres especies, y se aclara la identidad o se descarta la presencia de otras que venían citándose desde antiguo en dicho territorio. Puccinellia fasciculata es la es- pecie más ampliamente distribuida, mientras que P. hispanica y P. caespitosa sólo se presentan en una localidad, respectivamente en Jaraguas, Venta del Moro (Valencia) y en Villena (Alicante). Para cada una se ofrece su caracterización morfológica, ecología y distribución. Además, se aporta una clave dicotómica para facilitar su identificación.A morphological study is presented for taxa of Puccinellia growing in the Valencian Community (eastern Spain). Three species are accepted, and the pres- ence of other taxa usually cited in that territory is clarified or discarded. Puccinellia fasciculata is the most widespread species, whilst P. hispanica and P. caespitosa are only known from a single site, respectively in Jaraguas, Venta del Moro (Valencia) and in Villena (Alicante). Data on morphology, ecology and distribution are reported for each species, and an identification key is also presented

The genus Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) in Crete (Greece)

A report on the genus Tamarix (Tamaricaceae) in Crete is provided. The previously recorded taxa are compared with new collections made on the island and with vouchers found at different herbaria. Three species were fully confirmed: T. nilotica and T. parviflora, collected in the field, and T. smyrnensis, found only in herbarium vouchers. The other previously reported taxa, T. dalmatica, T. hampeana, T. pallasii and T. tetrandra were not found; T. dalmatica was erroneously reported, the record of T. hampeana represents a fourth species but its identity requires further study, records of T. pallasii are probably misidentifications of T. nilotica and/or T. smyrnensis, and the record of T. tetrandra probably refers to T. parviflora. The presence of T. nilotica is documented, confirming that it has been historically overlooked and mistaken for T. smyrnensis. A morphological comparison between T. nilotica and T. smyrnensis is provided in order to avoid further confusion and misidentifications. A dichotomous key for the Tamarix species reported in Crete is provided.The FPU programme (Mº de Educación, Spain), the I+D+I project CGL2008-05056 (Mº de Educación y Ciencia, Spanish Government) and complementary supporting funds ACIE10-01, ACIE11-05 and ACIE13-08 (University of Alicante, Spain) made this research possible

Orientational effects in alkanone, alkanal or dialkyl carbonate + alkane mixtures and in alkanone + alkanone or + dialkyl carbonate systems

Interactions and structure of alkanone, or alkanal or dialkyl carbonate + alkane mixtures, or of 2-alkanone + 2-alkanone, or of ketone + dialkyl carbonate systems have been investigated by means of a set of thermodynamic properties and by the application of the Flory model. The properties considered are excess molar quantities: enthalpies, HmE, volumes, VmE, or isobaric heat capacities, CpmE, and liquid-liquid equilibria. Experimental data show that alkane mixtures are characterized by rather strong dipolar interactions. In the case of systems containing ketones with the same number of C atoms and a given alkane, dipolar interactions become weaker in the sequence: aromatic > cyclic > linear. In addition, the mentioned interactions become also weaker in the order: dialkyl carbonate > linear alkanone > linear alkanal. This is an important result, as carbonates show lower effective dipole moments than the other compounds, and it suggests that the group size may be relevant when evaluating thermodynamic properties of liquid mixtures. Results on HmE from the Flory model show that orientational effects (i.e., non-random mixing) are rather similar for systems with linear, cyclic or aromatic ketones or alkanals and alkanes. In contrast, orientational effects become weaker in dialkyl carbonate + alkane mixtures. The behavior of 2-alkanone + 2-alkanone systems and of mixtures of longer 2-alkanones or cyclohexanone with dialkyl carbonate is close to random mixing. Larger orientational effects are encountered in solutions of carbonates and shorter 2-alkanones.Consejería de Educación y Cultura of Junta de Castilla y León, under Project BU034U16

Thermodynamics of mixtures containing a very strongly polar compound. 12. Systems with nitrobenzene or 1-nitroalkane and hydrocarbons or 1-alkanols

Mixtures involving nitrobenzene and hydrocarbons, or 1-alkanols and 1-nitroalkane, or nitrobenzene have been investigated on the basis of a whole set of thermophysical properties available in the literature. The properties considered are: excess molar functions (enthalpies, entropies, isobaric heat capacities, and volumes), vapour-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria, permittivities or dynamic viscosities. In addition, the mixtures have been studied by means of the application of the DISQUAC, ERAS, and UNIFAC models, and using the formalism of the concentration-concentration structure factor. The corresponding interaction parameters in the framework of the DISQUAC and ERAS models are reported. In alkane mixtures, dipolar interactions between 1-nitroalkane molecules are weakened when the size of the polar compound increases, accordingly with the relative variation of their effective dipolar moment. Dipolar interactions are stronger in nitrobenzene solutions than in those containing the smaller 1-nitropropane, although both nitroalkanes have very similar effective dipole moment (aromaticity effect). Systems with 1-alkanols are characterized by dipolar interactions between like molecules which sharply increases when the alkanol size increases. Simultaneously, interactions between unlike molecules become weaker, as the OH group is then more sterically hindered. Interactions between unlike molecules are stronger in systems with nitromethane than in nitrobenzene solutions. The replacement of nitromethane by nitroethane in systems with a given 1-alkanol leads to strengthen those effects related with the alcohol self-association. Permittivity data and results on Kirkwood's correlation factors show that the addition of 1-alkanol to a nitroalkane leads to cooperative effects, which increase the dipolar polarization of the solution, in such way that the destruction of the existing structure in pure liquids is partially counterbalanced. This effect is less important when longer 1-alkanols are involved.Consejería de Educacion y Cultura of Junta deCastilla y Leon, under Project BU034U1

Thermodynamics of mixtures containing aromatic nitriles

The coexistence curves of liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) for the mixtures: phenylacetonitrile + heptane, + octane, + nonane, + cyclooctane, or + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane and for 3-phenylpropionitrile + heptane, or + octane are reported. Aromatic nitrile + alkane, + aromatic hydrocarbon or + 1 alkanol systems are investigated using a set of thermophysical properties: phase equilibria (solid-liquid, SLE, vapour-liquid, VLE and LLE), excess molar functions, enthalpies (), isochoric internal energies (), isobaric heat capacities () and volumes (), and the Kirkwood’s correlation factor. Due to proximity effects between the phenyl and the CN groups, dipolar interactions between molecules of aromatic nitriles are stronger than those between molecules of isomeric linear nitriles. Dipolar interactions become weaker in the order: 3-phenylpropionitrile > phenylacetonitrile > benzonitrile. Benzonitrile + aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures are characterized by dispersive interactions and structural effects. The latter are more important in systems with phenylacetonitrile. Structural effects are also present in benzonitrile + n-alkane, or + 1-alkanol + mixtures. The systems mentioned above have been studied using DISQUAC. Interaction parameters for contacts where the CN group in aromatic nitriles participates are given. DISQUAC describes correctly any type of phase equilibria, of benzonitrile + hydrocarbon mixtures and of benzonitrile + cyclohexane, or 1-alkanol systems. Large differences encountered between theoretical values and experimental data for some solutions are discussed. 1-Alkanol + benzonitrile mixtures are also investigated by means of the ERAS model. ERAS represents well of these systems. The curves of solutions with longer 1-alkanols are more poorly described, which has been explained in terms of the existence of structural effects.Consejería de Educación y Cultura of Junta de Castilla y León, under Project BU034U1

Liquid−Liquid Equilibria for 2‑Phenylethan-1-ol + Alkane Systems

The liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) curves for 2-phenylethan-1-ol (2-phenylethanol, 2PhEtOH) + octane, + decane, + dodecane, + tetradecane or + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane have been determined by a method of turbidimetry using a laser scattering technique. Experimental results reveal that the systems are characterized by an upper critical solution temperature (UCST), which increases linearly with the number of C atoms of the n-alkane. In addition, the LLE curves have a rather horizontal top and become skewed to higher mole fractions of the n-alkane, when its size increases. For a given n-alkane, UCST decreases as follows: phenol > phenylmethanol > 2-PhEtOH, indicating that dipolar interactions decrease in the same sequence. This has been ascribed to a weakening in the same order of the proximity effects between the phenyl and OH groups of the aromatic alkanols. DISQUAC interaction parameters for OH/aliphatic and OH/aromatic contacts in the investigated systems are reported. Phenol, or phenylmethanol or 2-PhEtOH, + n-alkane mixtures only differ by the first dispersive Gibbs energy interaction parameter for the (OH/aliphatic) contactJunta de Castilla y León, under Project BU034U16 F