Assessment of the antioxidant properties of tomato extracts: A synergistic approach using in vitro chemical tests and cell-based assays

The aim of this research was to assess the total antioxidant activity (TAA) of lipophilic (Lextr) and hydrophilic (Hextr) tomato extracts using in vitro chemical tests and cell-based assays, focusing on possible synergistic actions between tomato antioxidants. Both Hextr and Lextr were HPLC analysed for their carotenoids, phenolic compounds, and ascorbic acid contents. For the evaluation of TAA, extracts were assayed alone or in combination using in vitro chemical tests (TEAC, FRAP) and cell-based (CAA) assays using human hepatoma (HepG2) and human histiocytic lymphoma (U937) cells. The only carotenoid detected in Lextr was lycopene, while a mixture of phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and rutin) was identified in Hextr. Ascorbic acid was not found either in Hextr or in Lextr. Upon extract combination (1:1, v/v), the FRAP assay revealed additive action between Lextr and Hextr, whilst a slight synergistic action was observed in TAA as measured by the TEAC assay. Synergistic action was better revealed when TAA was analysed using either U937 or HepG2 cells. This could be explained by the presence of a multiphase media (cell membrane and extra- and intracellular media) that might facilitate the distribution and interaction of antioxidants with different polarities and different mechanisms of action

Networked youth research for empowerment in digital society. The WYRED project

European Commision (EC). Funding H2020/CSA. Project Code: 72706

The role of late Quaternary tectonic activity and sea-level changes on sedimentary processes interaction in the Gulf of Cadiz upper and middle continental slope (SW Iberia)

A morphological and seismic-stratigraphic analysis of the Gulf of Cadiz area near the Strait of Gibraltar is presented in this work, focused on the sedimentary evolution of the upper and proximal middle-continental slope since the Mid-Pleistocene. Based on the analysis of seismic reflection profiles and swath bathymetry data, this work analyses the close influence of the activity of buried and outcropping diapiric ridges and late Quaternary sea-level changes on the evolution of contouritic features related to the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW) and Eastern North Atlantic Central Water (ENACW), gravitational features and fluid-escape structures. The stratigraphic architecture reveals that, under active diapiric deformation, the upper slope plastered drift grew during low sea-level stages, when sediment supply was high and the ENACW swept the upper slope, contrasting with the present-day highstand situation dominated by northwest-trending MOW flow. The south-estward ENACW flow forced asymmetry and lateral migration of gullies incised in the plastered drift. Two evolutionary stages have been established: 1) After the Mid Pleistocene, activity of diapirs with a NE trend determined the location of the deepest depressions which were infilled by plastered contouritic drifts; 2) Between Late Quaternary and present, a drastic change of buried diapirs growth pattern and orientation to a NW trend enhanced slope-derived gravitational processes affecting the bottom current dynamics. Adjustments to tectonic changes led to a phase of plastered drift growth on the upper slope during which depocenters varied their distribution and orientation. In a long-term the structural control on sedimentation shows a northwestward displacement of deformation, resulting in an overall extension of the contourite depositional system to the NW. In a short-term, sea-level changes favored drift deposition, gullies incision and the strengthening of water masses. This work evidences the importance of tectonic deformation in sedimentation at recent time scales, and the twodirectional interplay between recent tectonic activity and bottom current dynamics.Versión del edito

Estratigrafía biomolecular :la racemización-epimerización de aminoácidos como herramienta geocronológica y paleotermométrica

El estudio de aminoácidos como biomarcadores en sedimentos, se ha convertido en una metodología y herramienta necesaria en el análisis de condiciones paleoambientales y por lo tanto de la evolución climática en el pasado. La investigación basada en la selección y análisis de biomarcadores geológicos, más concretamente las actividades relacionadas con la recemizació/ epimerización de aminiácidos, permite obtener datos geocronológicos y paleotemométricos necesarios para establecer las distintas hipótesis en los ejercicios de Evaluación del Comportamiento a largo plazo de un repositorio de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad. El capítulo 1 del presente documento analiza la necesidad de obtención de dotaciones como un caso más de análisis químico, estando por lo tanto sometido a la teoría del error, así como la problemática asociada a esta incertidumbre en la medida. El capítulo 2 se describe la justificación del empleo de dotaciones como parte de la evaluación del comportamiento de un repositorio de residuos radiactivos de alta actividad. Los aminoácidos ocupan un lugar importante dentro de la geoquímica, ya que en ambientes sedimentarios son omnipresentes, tal y como se describe en el capítulo 3. El capítulo 4 describe detalladamente los aspectos químicos de los procesos de racemización/epimerización, prestando especial énfasis a la descripción de la influencia de la historia térmica que, en numerosas ocasiones, impide la comparación directa de resultados. También se hace una descripción detallada de las fuentes de incertidumbre que influyen en los resultados de los análisis de racemización de aminoácidos. De hecho, en este capítulo se pone en evidencia que este método resulta complicado de realizar, pero sobre todo difícil de interpretar, ya que requiere de numerosas salvaguardias para minimizar el error. Cada material susceptible de ser analizado (racemización/ epimerización de aminoácidos) constituye un mundo complejo de técnicas específicas de laboratorio, generalmente caras ya que precisan el empleo de compuestos químicos de alta pureza pero sobre todo consumidoras de tiempo. En el capítulo 6 se describe la preparación y análisis de muestras de colágeno, madera y carbonatos de origen biológico, tanto para su análisis por medio de gas chromatography (GC) como de high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Tal y como se indica en el título de esta publicación técnica los aminoácidos se pueden emplear tanto como herramienta geocronológica como paleotermométrica. Salvo en el caso de que se emplee la racemización de aminoácidos como herramienta para establecer la estratigrafía relativa (aminoestratigrafía) de una zona determinada, el uso como herramienta geocronológica (aminocronológica) o paleotermométrica de los aminoácidos precisa de un métodos externo de calibrado, como pueden ser las dotaciones numéricas radiométricas o paleomagnéticas. Todos estos aspectos, así como los algoritmos de cálculo de edades para la parte central de la Península Ibérica, aparecen en el capítulo 7. En el capítulo 8 se describen detalladamente los aspectos geológicos, sedimentológicos y estratigráficos de dos zonas muy representativas del Pleistoceno de la Península Ibérica: el sector Orce-Baza de la cuenca de Guadix-Baza (Granada) y los travertinos fluviales (Cuenca). Aparecen las dotaciones aminocronológicas de una serie de puntos de gran interés paleontológico. Cabría destacar que se dan las edades numéricas de los yacimientos de Venta Micena, Cúllar Baza y Fuente Amarga; además por vez primera se correlacionan los resultados obtenidos con el análisis de racemización de aminoácidos en moluscos con datos provenientes de muestras de ostrácodos. En el capítulo 9 se contempla ampliamente la problemática ligada a la historia térmica de los paleositios. En concreto se comparan las diferencias de edades numéricas que se obtienen aplicando a muestras de las islas Canarias los algoritmos matemáticos calculados para zonas más frías en la Península Ibérica. De hecho la aplicación de un modelo de ajuste inadecuado conlleva la obtención de edades numéricas superiores a la edad real. En el capítulo l0se analiza la aplicación de la racemización de aminoácidos al análisis paleotermométrico de los depósitos lacustres-palustres asociados al abanico aluvial de Redueña. No sólo se obtiene su CMAT equivalente (Current Mean Annual Temperature), sino que también se incluye su datación numérica. En el capítulo 11 se analiza el empleo del análisis de la racemización de aminoácidos como herramienta aminoestratigráfica con ella no se obtienen edades numéricas sino que las relaciones de racemización sirven para poner en orden estratigráfico depósitos de diferentes tipos, aunque en este caso su aplicación sirve meramente para poner en orden estratigráfico depósitos inconexos, ocasionalmente afectados por la neotectónica. El capítulo comienza por un análisis de la aminoestratigrafía de la sección de Cuesta Colorada (Almería), donde tradicionalmente se ha situado el límite Plioceno/Pleistoceno, aunque la aminoestratigrafía parece indicar que este dato debe ser parcialmente cuestionado. También aparece la aminoestratigrafía de las playas fósiles de Cabo de Huertas (Alicante) y de Garrucha (Almería); gracias a una enorme serie de análisis e ha podido establecer unas aminozonas, cinco, para el borde mediterráneo de la Península, que se correlacionan perfectamente con las aminozonas de la isla de Mallorca. También se pone de manifiesto la importancia de la neotectónica. Este capítulo también contiene el análisis de la aminoestratigrafía de las playas colgadas de Oyambre (Cantabria), allí se ha detectado una mezcla de restos de fósiles de edades muy distantes. En las cuevas de Europa son muy abundantes los restos de mamíferos ya extinguidos ("fósiles") que generalmente aparecen en un contexto geológico pobre que hace difícil la obtención de dotaciones. 8 En la actualidad la facilidad que proporcionan los métodos de laboratorio para la búsqueda de DNA "fósil" parece haberse convertido en un objetivo codiciado por numerosos equipos de investigación. Nuestros trabajos de investigación sobre la preservación de materia orgánica, que están reflejados en el capítulo 11, presentan un panorama sombrío al respecto: la materia orgánica se degrada muy rápidamente de manera que en muestras de dentina de osos f6siles de unos 300 Ka de edad queda sólo una pequeña fracción del colágeno original que, prácticamente, no se detecta en muestras de 1000 Ka de edad. Por el contrario, moluscos y ostrácodos preservan porciones importantes de los aminoácidos originales, aunque hay una pérdida constante. También se incluyen nuestros primeros datos sobre cinética de racemización de los aminoácidos del colágeno de la dentina de dientes de oso; un primer paso para convertir nuestros datos aminoestratigráficos en dotaciones numéricos (aminocronológicas). Se ha encontrado que se produce también la denominada "racemización kinetics apparent reversal"

El Canal de Diego Cao y sus depresiones morfológicas (margen del Banco del Guadalquivir, Golfo de Cádiz). Implicaciones oceanográficas y sedimentológicas

The Diego Cao channel is located on the central-north middle slope of the Gulf of Cadiz. It separates the Bartolomeu Dias and Faro sheeted drift plateaus to the north of the Guadalquivir Bank margin uplift. A striking linear series of circular depressions occur parallel to the channel on the Bartolomeu Dias sheeted drift (western channel flank), while a remarkable amphitheater-shaped escarpment affects the channel eastern flank. Their morphological and high- and medium-resolution stratigraphic analysis allows inferring their origin as the result of a complex interplay between oceanographic (bottom currents), mass-wasting and tectonic processes. All features seem to have a common origin, related to an especially active tectonic phase during the Mid-Pleistocene, probably related to adjustments of the deep structural features. Since then, the action of the bottom currents and the local influence of structural processes have shaped the present-day topography. The Diego Cao channel is re-interpreted as a contourite moat associated to a complex mounded, separated drift that includes the circular depressions. They result from contourite deposition over the erosional surface originated by widespread mass-wasting events during the Mid-Pleistocene.Versión del edito

Stars and brown dwarfs in the sigma Orionis cluster IV. IDS/INT and OSIRIS/GTC spectroscopy and Gaia DR2 astrometry

Context. Only a few open clusters are as important for the study of stellar and substellar objects, and their formation and evolution, as the young σ Orionis cluster. However, a complete spectroscopic characterisation of its whole stellar population is still missing. Aims. We filled most of that gap with a large spectroscopic and astrometric survey of targets towards σ Orionis. Eventually, it will be one of the open clusters with the lowest proportion of interlopers and the largest proportion of confirmed cluster members with known uncontrovertible youth features. Methods. We acquired 317 low-resolution optical spectra with the Intermediate Dispersion Spectrograph (IDS) at the 2.5 m Isaac Newton Telescope (INT) and the Optical System for Imaging and low Resolution Integrated Spectroscopy (OSIRIS) at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC). We measured equivalent widths of Li i, Hα, and other key lines from these spectra, and determined spectral types. We complemented this information with Gaia DR2 astrometric data and other features of youth (mid-infrared excess, X-ray emission) compiled with Virtual Observatory tools and from the literature. Results. Of the 168 observed targets, we determined for the first time spectral types of 39 stars and equivalent widths of Li i and Hα of 34 and 12 stars, respectively. We identified 11 close (ρ </≈ 3 arcsec) binaries resolved by Gaia, of which three are new, 14 strong accretors, of which four are new and another four have Hα emission shifted by over 120 km s^(−1) , two juvenile star candidates in the sparse population of the Ori OB1b association, and one spectroscopic binary candidate. Remarkably, we found 51 non-clustermembers, 35 of which were previously considered as σ Orionis members and taken into account in high-impact works on, for example, disc frequency and initial mass function

Improvement of learning through European educational projects

Proceedings TEEM 2020: Eighth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality.[EN]The purpose of this article is to set out the research plan for the doctoral thesis, which deals with the definition of a methodological guide for the successful use of digital technologies in education, especially in eLearning, taking as a reference European educational projects that have been successful in achieving an improvement in the teaching and learning process. We live in an increasingly digital society that requires citizens to be prepared to adapt to the needs of the moment and to solve the problems that arise. For this to be possible, the education system must be prepared to adequately train future citizens who will join a changing labor market. To this end, teachers must be trained and know how to carry out efficient educational projects that allow them to make the most of the potential of ICT in the classroom or in distance education. The situation experienced during the 2019-2020 school year with the COVID-19 pandemic has tested the education system and its ability to adapt to a situation where the use of distance education was required and where ICT was very much needed in most of the cases to bring education to the homes. These factors make it very necessary to work for a better teaching professionalization. Therefore, the main objective of this PhD work is to enable teachers to design their projects, involving electronic learning, in a more effective way. To achieve this, what better than to use the educational projects compiled in the Erasmus+ results platform, which allow the analysis of project typology, outcomes, topics and to see those that have been catalogued as a good practice or success story. This database will be a key tool to gather information together with the collaboration of the main actors of those projects that have been successful. A methodological guide would allow teachers and teacher trainers to know the key factors that help to achieve a good design of educational projects and allow an optimal use of ICT resources and the greatest impact on the teaching-learning process

Origin of morphological depressions on the Guadalquivir Bank uplifted area (Gulf of Cadiz middle slope)

We have investigated the origin of morphological depressions (circular-elliptical depressions, amphitheatre-shaped escarpments and valleys) on the Guadalquivir Bank uplifted area (Gulf of Cadiz middle slope). This work is based on swath bathymetry and high- and mid-resolution reflection seismic datasets. Depressions occur on the distal (depositional) sector of the Gulf of Cadiz Contourite Depositional System, which has been developed under the influence of the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW). The Guadalquivir Bank is a NE-oriented relief that was uplifted along the Neogene and Quaternary. It forms the southern limit of the Bartolomeu Dias and Faro Sheeted Drift (SD) plateaus that are separated by the NW-trending Diego Cao Contourite Channel. Circular-elliptical depressions occur on the Bartolomeu Dias SD plateau, aligned parallel to the rim of the Diego Cao Channel. Irregular, crescent-shaped depressions occur to the SE of the study area and a valley surrounds the Guadalquivir Bank. The origin of these features is interpreted as the result of the interplay between oceanographic, mass-wasting, tectonic and fluid-escape processes. Four stages define the development of these features: 1) Onset of a contourite mounded drift associated with a proto-Diego Cao moat originated by a weak MOW circulation as it interacted with the structural features of the Guadalquivir Bank during the Lower Pliocene; 2) Evolution to a more complex multi-crest drift and moat system, probably as a result of an enhanced MOW and increased deformation of the underlying structures during the Upper Pliocene-Early Quaternary; 3) Event of enhanced tectonic activity that provoked widespread mass-wasting events along middle slope sheeted drift plateaus during the Mid Pleistocene. It was recorded in a prominent erosive surface under the present-day Diego Cao channel western rim and numerous slide scars displaying amphitheatre shapes on the limits of the plateaus; 4) Final stage (Late Quaternary) when the Mediterranean Intermediate Branch started flowing towards the N-NW along the deep gateway that was opened as a result of the mass-wasting event and/or structural adjustments. The contourite system evolved, due to tectonic events, to the present-day channel and a complex separated drift that includes circular depressions. They result from the interaction between the bottom current and the irregular basal surface created by the slide scars. During this phase, crescent-shaped depressions were created, probably by the interplay between bottom currents and fluid escape processes, and the marginal valley around the Guadalquivir Bank resulted from current reworking of the irregular topography of contouritic deposits affected by slide scars