Brain diabetic neurodegeneration segregates with low intrinsic aerobic capacity

Objectives Diabetes leads to cognitive impairment and is associated with age‐related neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease ( AD ). Thus, understanding diabetes‐induced alterations in brain function is important for developing early interventions for neurodegeneration. Low‐capacity runner ( LCR ) rats are obese and manifest metabolic risk factors resembling human “impaired glucose tolerance” or metabolic syndrome. We examined hippocampal function in aged LCR rats compared to their high‐capacity runner ( HCR ) rat counterparts. Methods Hippocampal function was examined using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging, unbiased stereology analysis, and a Y maze. Changes in the mitochondrial respiratory chain function and levels of hyperphosphorylated tau and mitochondrial transcriptional regulators were examined. Results The levels of glutamate, myo ‐inositol, taurine, and choline‐containing compounds were significantly increased in the aged LCR rats. We observed a significant loss of hippocampal neurons and impaired cognitive function in aged LCR rats. Respiratory chain function and activity were significantly decreased in the aged LCR rats. Hyperphosphorylated tau was accumulated within mitochondria and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma coactivator 1 α , the NAD + ‐dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A were downregulated in the aged LCR rat hippocampus. Interpretation These data provide evidence of a neurodegenerative process in the hippocampus of aged LCR rats, consistent with those seen in aged‐related dementing illnesses such as AD in humans. The metabolic and mitochondrial abnormalities observed in LCR rat hippocampus are similar to well‐described mechanisms that lead to diabetic neuropathy and may provide an important link between cognitive and metabolic dysfunction.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108300/1/acn386.pd

Effect of mineralogical properties of expansive soil on its mechanical behavior

Expansive soil contains montmorillonite clay mineral; which has tendency to swell by imbibing water in monsoon season and shrink or become harder by leaving cracks in drier seasons. Excessive drying and wetting of soil progressively deteriorates structures over the years and cause severe damage. Some research has been performed on identification of expansive soil and determination of its expansiveness and shrinkage–swelling potential based on its index properties at various wetting–drying conditions. Few researchers worked on the chemical stabilization of expansive soil to improve its mechanical behavior. However, the relationship of mineralogical properties of expansive soil with its shear strength and compressibility parameters is still unexplored; and these parameters are required in bearing capacity and settlement calculations for soil strata. The current research is focused on relationship of mineralogical properties (CEC, SSA, montmorillonite content) of expansive soil with its mechanical behavior including compressibility, shear strength, swelling potential and index parameters. This experimental research has been performed on expansive soil (black cotton soil) covering major part of Bhavnagar, located along the coast line of Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat (India), which has serious construction issues due to its severe shrinkage–swelling behavior.by Bhavini Mehta and Ajanta Sacha

6 - Enzyme stabilization for biotechnological applications

The Textile Institute Book SeriesThis chapter summarizes the essential parameters for enzyme stabilization during industrial applications providing an overview of enzyme's chemistry basics related with their structure and function. The strategies for enzyme immobilization and incorporation into diverse formulations imply the maintenance of their catalytic efficiency. Thus, we outlined in this chapter the more recent studies toward the enzyme stability/activity underlying these approaches. Different applications of stabilized enzymes have been updated with special focus on the textile field.(undefined)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio