Ghanian horticulture code of practice - where to from here? Report of a workshop organized by the Natural Resources and Ethical Trade Programme, held at the Miklin Hotel, Accra, 5 June 2001

This workshop was the third in a series organised by the Natural Resources and Ethical Trade Programme (NRET) of the Natural Resources Institute (NRI). The NRET Programme started nearly 4 years ago, with the principal aim of making ethical trade initiatives - such as codes of practice - more effective

Survey of yam trading practices and loss assessment in Techiman Market (NRI report no. R6505)

The aim of this report is to gain an understanding of the structure of yams marketing in and around Techiman Market in Ghana, and to understand the extent and impact of quality deterioration (called 'physical losses' in this report) on the farmers' and traders' revenues. It should be noted that the data collected on marketing margins and losses was collected using informal techniques which provide indicative results

Ethical trade and sustainable rural livelihoods

The growth in interest in ethical trade has raised many questions. This publication seeks to answer four of the most basic of these: what do we mean by ethical trade and the ethical market, particularly in relation to natural resources? How does ethical trade operate? Who benefits from ethical trade and how? Is it a useful developmental approach

Neutrons describe ectoine effects on water H-bonding and hydration around a soluble protein and a cell membrane

Understanding adaptation to extreme environments remains a challenge of high biotechnological potential for fundamental molecular biology. The cytosol of many microorganisms, isolated from saline environments, reversibly accumulates molar concentrations of the osmolyte ectoine to counterbalance fluctuating external salt concentrations. Although they have been studied extensively by thermodynamic and spectroscopic methods, direct experimental structural data have, so far, been lacking on ectoine-water-protein interactions. In this paper, in vivo deuterium labeling, small angle neutron scattering, neutron membrane diffraction and inelastic scattering are combined with neutron liquids diffraction to characterize the extreme ectoine-containing solvent and its effects on purple membrane of H. salinarum and E. coli maltose binding protein. The data reveal that ectoine is excluded from the hydration layer at the membrane surface and does not affect membrane molecular dynamics, and prove a previous hypothesis that ectoine is excluded from a monolayer of dense hydration water around the soluble protein. Neutron liquids diffraction to atomic resolution shows how ectoine enhances the remarkable properties of H-bonds in water-properties that are essential for the proper organization, stabilization and dynamics of biological structures

La musique dans les rues de la Nouvelle-France

Au temps de la Nouvelle-France, les rues de Québec et de Montréal ne sont pas dépourvues de sons musicaux; les sources de l’époque permettent d’en recréer l’ambiance sonore. Les compagnies militaires en garnison dans les villes ont toutes fifres et tambours pour accompagner diverses célébrations. Les proclamations officielles, lues après la messe paroissiale du dimanche, sont annoncées au son du tambour. L’année est ponctuée de fêtes religieuses qui, à la belle saison, sont soulignées par des processions donnant lieu à de véritables réjouissances populaires accompagnées de chants et d’instruments, du son des canons et de décharges d’artillerie avec parfois des conséquences catastrophiques. Des documents conservés à Montréal indiquent le trajet exact des processions à travers la ville et la musique chantée à chaque station.At the time of New France, the streets of Quebec and Montreal did not want for musical sounds. Sources of the period enable us to recreate the sonorous environment. The military companies stationed in the towns each had fife and drums that participated in various celebrations. Official proclamations, read after the parish Mass on Sundays, were announced to the sound of the drums. The year was punctuated by religious feasts that, in the spring and summer seasons, were enhanced by processions. These gave rise to popular merry-making, accompanied by singing and musical instruments, to the sound of canons and artillery salves, sometimes with catastrophic results. Documents kept in Montreal archives indicate the exact itinerary of the processions through the town and the music sung at each station

Dynamics of proteins and the hydration shell's, explored by neutron scattering and other biophysical techniques

Ce travail de cette thèse porte sur la dynamique des protéines, accompagnées de leur eau d'hydratation, une couche de solvant autour des protéines vitale pour leur fonction biologique. Chacune de ces deux composantes s'accompagne d'une dynamique qui lui est propre et dont la réunion reforme le paysage énergétique du système biologiquement actif. La mise en application conjointe de la deutération sélective, de la diffusion incohérente de neutrons ainsi que la spectroscopie terahertz a permis d'explorer de manière indépendante la dynamique des protéines et de celles des couches d'hydratation. L'influence de l'état de repliement de la protéine sur sa dynamique a été étudié par diffusion élastique de neutrons. Les protéines globulaires se sont montrées moins dynamiques que ses analogues intrinsèquement désordonnées. Eux même semblent être plus rigides que les protéines dépliées non physiologiques. L'état d'oligomérisation et les conséquences sur la dynamique de ces protéines ont été développés. Les agrégats d'une protéine globulaire se sont avérés être plus flexibles que la forme soluble. A l'inverse, les agrégats d'une protéine désordonnée voient leur dynamique moyenne baisser par rapport à la forme soluble. Ces observations témoignent de la grande diversité de dynamiques à travers le protéome. Les expériences de diffusion incohérente de neutrons sur les couches d'hydratation des protéines globulaires et désordonnées ont permis d'obtenir des informations sur la nature des mouvements de l'eau autour des protéines. Les mesures ont mis en évidence la présence de mouvements translationnels concomitants à l'apparition de la transition dynamique dans les couches d'hydratations, vers 220 K. Les mesures ont de même montré un couplage plus fort entre une protéine désordonnée et son eau d'hydratation que celui entre une protéine globulaire et son eau d'hydratation. La nature de la couche d'hydratation et son influence sur sa dynamique ont été explorés, avec l'utilisation de polymères qui miment le comportement de l'eau et agissent comme source de flexibilité pour la protéine. Pour terminer, la dynamique des groupements méthyles, impliqués dans les modifications dynamiques observées à 150 et 220 K, a été étudiée.This thesis work focused on the dynamics of proteins, surrounded by their hydration layer, a water shell around the protein vital for its biological function. Each of these components is accompanied by a specific dynamics which union reforms the complex energy landscape of the system. The joint implementation of selective deuteration, incoherent neutron scattering and terahertz spectroscopy allowed to explore the dynamics of proteins and that of the hydration shell. The influence of the folding state of protein on its dynamics has been studied by elastic neutron scattering. Globular proteins were less dynamic than its intrinsically disordered analogues. Themselves appear to be stiffer than non physiological unfolded proteins. The oligomerization state and the consequences on the dynamics were investigated. Aggregates of a globular protein proved to be more flexible than the soluble form. In contrast, aggregates of a disordered protein showed lower average dynamics compared to the soluble form. These observations demonstrate the wide range of dynamics among the proteome. Incoherent neutron scattering experiences on the hydration layer of globular and disordered proteins have yielded information on the nature of water motion around these proteins. The measurements revealed the presence of translational motions concomitant with the onset of the transition dynamics of hydration layers, at 220 K. Measurements have also shown a stronger coupling between a disordered protein and its hydration water, compared to a globular protein and its hydration shell. The nature of the hydration layer and its influence on its dynamics has been explored with the use of polymers that mimic the water behavior and that act as a source of flexibility for the protein. Eventually, the dynamics of methyl groups involved in the dynamical changes observed at 150 and 220 K, was investigated

Ekonomická efektivnost regenerace odpadních slévárenských písků v provozech k.p. SIGMA Olomouc

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