37 research outputs found
Crise suicidaire et maladie dâAlzheimer dĂ©butante : intĂ©rĂȘt dâune analyse neuropsychologique dĂ©taillĂ©e
RĂ©sumĂ©Introduction Le risque de dĂ©velopper une maladie dâAlzheimer augmente avec lâĂąge. Le rĂŽle de celle-ci comme un facteur de risque indĂ©pendant de suicide nâest pas bien compris et demeure complexe et mal Ă©lucidĂ©. Lâobjectif de cet article est dâenvisager une comprĂ©hension neuropsychologique de la crise suicidaire dans le cas dâune maladie dâAlzheimer dĂ©butante. MĂ©thode Une Ă©valuation cognitive globale (Mini-Mental State Examination, Batterie Rapide dâĂvaluation Frontale) complĂ©tĂ©e de lâexploration de lâinhibition cognitive selon ses fonctions dâaccĂšs (tĂąche de lecture en prĂ©sence de distracteurs), de suppression (Trail Making Test), et de freinage (Stroop, Hayling, Go/No-Go) a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e chez une femme souffrant dâune maladie dâAlzheimer (MMSE Ă 21/30) avant et aprĂšs rĂ©alisation dâune tentative de suicide dans un contexte de dĂ©pression. RĂ©sultats LâĂ©chelle dâHamilton Ă©tait cotĂ©e Ă 24/52, lâĂ©chelle de dĂ©pression de Cornell Ă 21/38. LâintentionnalitĂ© suicidaire Ă©tait modĂ©rĂ©e avec un score Ă 15/25 à lâĂ©chelle dâintentionnalitĂ© suicidaire de Beck. Initialement prĂ©servĂ©es, le dĂ©clin des fonctions exĂ©cutives a coĂŻncidĂ© avec lâĂ©mergence dâune crise suicidaire dans un contexte de dĂ©pression chez une patiente souffrant de maladie dâAlzheimer. Les fonctions de lâinhibition cognitive Ă©taient altĂ©rĂ©es dans ses trois composantes, aprĂšs ajustement des facteurs de confusion. Conclusion Une Ă©valuation dĂ©taillĂ©e des fonctions exĂ©cutives et singuliĂšrement de lâinhibition cognitive dans la population des patients atteints dâune maladie dâAlzheimer permettrait de dĂ©tecter les personnes les plus Ă risque de passage Ă lâacte et de proposer une surveillance plus Ă©troite dans le cadre des soins gĂ©nĂ©raux de leur maladie. AbstractIntroduction The role of Alzheimer\u27s disease as a risk factor for suicide is unclear. The aim of this study was to understand neuropsychological component of the suicidal crisis in Alzheimer\u27s disease. Method Using an extensive neuropsychological battery, different aspects of cognitive inhibition were particularly examined: Access to relevant information (using the Reading with distraction task), suppression of no longer relevant information (Trail Making Test, Rule Shift Cards), and restraint of cognitive resources to relevant information (Stroop test, Hayling Sentence Completion test, Go/No-Go). One female Alzheimer depressed case was assessed before and after a suicide attempt. Results Ten days after the patient\u27s suicide attempt, dementia was still moderate with a MMSE score at 21/30 but with a worsening of executive functions (FAB at 8/18) in the context of depression and suicide. The Hamilton-Depression Rating Scale was at 24 (maximal score at 52), and the Cornell Scale for Depression was at 21 (maximal score at 38). Suicidal intent was moderate with a score of 9 on the Beck Suicide Intent Scale (maximal score at 25). The patient did not present a delirium, psychotic symptoms, or anosognosia. Her episodic memory was altered as shown by her semantic performance on verbal fluency (naming 12 animals in 120 seconds) and on lexical fluency (naming 8 words beginning with the letter P). Initially preserved, executive function declined during a suicidal crisis in a context of depression in Alzheimer\u27s disease case. Neuropsychological testing confirmed a dysexecutive syndrome (FAS at 8/18), with an impairment in her conceptualization capacity (MCST) and a deficit in cognitive inhibition and its access (reading task in the presence of distractors), deletion (TMT) and restraint (Stroop, Go/No-Go, Hayling) functions. Computed tomography has shown no signs of intracranial expansive process. Conclusion Assessing predictors of suicide and means of completion in patients with dementia may help the development of interventions to reduce risk of suicide among the growing population of individuals with dementia. Because of Alzheimer\u27s-related cognitive inhibition impairment, identification and intervention addressing the complex issues of depression, executive dysfunction and dementia may help clinicians to mitigate the risk of suicide in patients with Alzheimer\u27s disease
Npn-1 Contributes to Axon-Axon Interactions That Differentially Control Sensory and Motor Innervation of the Limb
The initiation, execution, and completion of complex locomotor behaviors are depending on precisely integrated neural circuitries consisting of motor pathways that activate muscles in the extremities and sensory afferents that deliver feedback to motoneurons. These projections form in tight temporal and spatial vicinities during development, yet the molecular mechanisms and cues coordinating these processes are not well understood. Using cell-type specific ablation of the axon guidance receptor Neuropilin-1 (Npn-1) in spinal motoneurons or in sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), we have explored the contribution of this signaling pathway to correct innervation of the limb. We show that Npn-1 controls the fasciculation of both projections and mediates inter-axonal communication. Removal of Npn-1 from sensory neurons results in defasciculation of sensory axons and, surprisingly, also of motor axons. In addition, the tight coupling between these two heterotypic axonal populations is lifted with sensory fibers now leading the spinal nerve projection. These findings are corroborated by partial genetic elimination of sensory neurons, which causes defasciculation of motor projections to the limb. Deletion of Npn-1 from motoneurons leads to severe defasciculation of motor axons in the distal limb and dorsal-ventral pathfinding errors, while outgrowth and fasciculation of sensory trajectories into the limb remain unaffected. Genetic elimination of motoneurons, however, revealed that sensory axons need only minimal scaffolding by motor axons to establish their projections in the distal limb. Thus, motor and sensory axons are mutually dependent on each other for the generation of their trajectories and interact in part through Npn-1-mediated fasciculation before and within the plexus region of the limbs
Caractérisation clinique et criminologique des meurtriers ùgés présentant une démence
International audienceL'homicide est un acte rare, encore plus rare avec l'avancĂ©e en Ăąge (de 1 à 4 % aprĂšs 65 ans) ; il est trĂšs souvent suivi d'un suicide. L'homicide suivi d'une tentative de suicide ou d'un suicide accompli est classique dans la mĂ©lancolie lorsqu'il revĂȘt une signification " altruiste " dĂ©lirante. Chez certains couples, il s'inscrit parfois dans le contexte de " pactes suicidaires ". D'autres processus psychopathologiques sont plus frĂ©quemment Ă l'origine de passages Ă l'acte meurtriers isolĂ©s chez un sujet ĂągĂ©Â : dĂ©compensation paranoĂŻaque tardive, dĂ©pendance majeure Ă l'alcool, syndromes dĂ©mentiels. Plusieurs auteurs ont rapportĂ© des observations de sujets ĂągĂ©s meurtriers atteints d'une affection dĂ©mentielle, dĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative ou carentielle. Nous illustrerons cette question complexe Ă partir de l'observation d'un homme de 78 ans dont l'homicide de son Ă©pouse a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© une maladie dĂ©mentielle dĂ©gĂ©nĂ©rative. Nous discuterons les caractĂ©ristiques cliniques et criminologiques des meurtriers ĂągĂ©s prĂ©sentant une dĂ©mence
Copying and Evolution of Neuronal Topology
We propose a mechanism for copying of neuronal networks that is of considerable interest for neuroscience for it suggests a neuronal basis for causal inference, function copying, and natural selection within the human brain. To date, no model of neuronal topology copying exists. We present three increasingly sophisticated mechanisms to demonstrate how topographic map formation coupled with Spike-Time Dependent Plasticity (STDP) can copy neuronal topology motifs. Fidelity is improved by error correction and activity-reverberation limitation. The high-fidelity topology-copying operator is used to evolve neuronal topologies. Possible roles for neuronal natural selection are discussed