Il gioco come prassi quotidiana: un “anello intermedio” fra i situazionisti e Wittgenstein

L'articolo inaugura un confronto inedito fra i testi del cosiddetto “secondo Wittgenstein” e quelli pubblicati dall'Internazionale Situazionista (IS, 1957-72), sul bollettino omonimo, in particolare rispetto al tema comune del "gioco"

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Intervenção educacional em equipes do Programa de Saúde da Família para promoção da amamentação Intervención educacional en equipos del Programa de Salud de la Familia para la promoción de la amamantación Educational intervention on breastfeeding promotion to the Family Health Program team

OBJETIVO: A iniciativa Unidade Básica Amiga da Amamentação representa um conjunto de atividades educativas dirigidas às unidades básicas de saúde. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a efetividade desta estratégia de promoção do aleitamento materno dirigida às equipes do Programa de Saúde da Família. MÉTODOS: Conduziu-se um estudo de intervenção controlado com 20 equipes do Programa de Saúde da Família, selecionadas aleatoriamente em Montes Claros (MG) em 2006. O grupo sob intervenção realizou programa de treinamento específico de 24 horas para a promoção do aleitamento materno segundo a "Iniciativa Hospital Amigo da Criança". Enfatizou-se a assistência do profissional de saúde no suporte à amamentação e no manejo dos principais problemas da lactação. O grupo controle recebeu orientações habituais sobre aleitamento materno. As mães de todas as crianças menores de dois anos de idade assistidas pelas equipes foram entrevistadas antes (n=1.423) e 12 meses após a intervenção (n=1.491) e responderam questões sobre a prática da amamentação. Curvas de sobrevida do aleitamento materno foram construídas e comparadas para os dois momentos por meio do teste log rank. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significativo no aleitamento materno exclusivo após atividades educativas voltadas às equipes de Saúde da Família. As curvas de sobrevidas para o aleitamento materno exclusivo no primeiro momento não mostraram diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as mães assistidas por ambos os grupos (p=0,502). Após a intervenção, as curvas de sobrevida para o aleitamento materno exclusivo mostraram-se significativamente diferentes (p=0,001). CONCLUSÕES: O treinamento das equipes de Saúde da Família da forma como propõe a Iniciativa Unidade Básica Amiga da Amamentação mostrou ser uma estratégia efetiva e de baixo custo para sensibilizar esses profissionais, uniformizando as informações e assegurando o apoio necessário para as mães com dificuldades para amamentarem seus filhos.OBJETIVO: La iniciativa Unidad Básica Amiga de la Amamantación representa un conjunto de actividades educativas dirigidas a las unidades básicas de salud. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de esta estrategia de promoción del amamantamiento materno dirigido a los equipos del Programa de Salud de la Familia. MÉTODOS: Se condujo un estudio de intervención controlado con 20 equipos del Programa de Salud de la Familia, seleccionados aleatoriamente en Montes Claros (Sureste de Brasil) en 2006. El grupo bajo intervención realizó un programa de entrenamiento específico de 24 horas para la promoción del amamantamiento materno de acuerdo con la "Iniciativa Hospital Amigo del niño". Se enfatizó la asistencia del profesional de la salud en el soporte a la amamantación y en el manejo de los principales problemas de la lactancia. El grupo control recibió orientaciones habituales sobre el amamantamiento materno. Las madres de todos los niños menores de dos años de edad asistidas por los equipos fueron entrevistadas antes (n= 1.423) y 12 meses después de la intervención (n= 1.491) y respondieron preguntas sobre la práctica de amamantación. Curvas de sobrevida del amamantamiento materno fueron construidas y comparadas para los dos momentos por medio de la prueba log rank. RESULTADOS: Hubo un aumento significativo en el amamantamiento materno exclusivo posterior a las actividades educativas dirigidas a los equipos de Salud de la Familia. Las curvas de sobrevida para el amamantamiento materno exclusivo en el primer momento no mostraron diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las mamás asistidas por ambos grupos (p=0,502). Posterior a la intervención, las curvas de sobrevida para el amamantamiento materno exclusivo se mostraron significativamente diferentes (p=0,001). CONCLUSIONES: El entrenamiento de los equipos de Salud de la Familia de la forma como propone la Iniciativa Unidad Básica Amiga de la Amamantación mostró ser una estrategia efectiva y de bajo costo para sensibilizar esos profesionales, uniformizando las informaciones y asegurando el apoyo necesario par a las madres con dificultades para amamantar sus hijos.OBJECTIVE: Breastfeeding Friendly Primary Care Initiative comprises educational activities focused on primary care units. The To evaluate the effectiveness of a strategy on breastfeeding promotion to the Family Health Program team. METHODS: A controlled intervention study was performed with 20 family health care teams randomly selected into intervention and control group in Montes Claros, Southeastern Brazil, in 2006. The teams randomly selected into intervention and control group, and the intervention group took part in a 24-hour training program on breastfeeding promotion for health providers, modeled on the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. It was emphasized health provider's support for breastfeeding and management of major lactation problems. The control group received routine breastfeeding training. Mothers of all children under two cared by the teams were interviewed at home before (n=1,423) and 12 months after the intervention (n=1,491) and answered questions about breastfeeding practices. Survival curves of breastfeeding were plotted and compared for both time points studied using the log rank test. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in exclusive breastfeeding after the educational activities for the Family Health Program teams. Survival curves of exclusive breastfeeding at the first time point studied showed no statistical significance difference between the groups by log rank test (p=0.502). After the intervention, survival curves of exclusive breastfeeding were significantly different by the log rank test (p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The training of Family Health Program teams as proposed by the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative proved to be an effective, low-cost strategy for raising awareness among health providers, providing consistent information, and assuring the required support to mothers with breastfeeding issues

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data