Repensando el turismo sustentable

El libro aborda la problemática del turismo sustentable que, por un lado, al compartir contornos nebulosos con la sustentabilidad, funciona como un nuevo circuito de acumulación fundamentado en un discurso retórico de desarrollo local; por el otro, se nos presenta como una alternativa potencial para la formulación de vías comunitarias de desarrollo local, que permitirían la prosperidad o al menos la sobrevivencia de culturas y territorios partucularizados.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic

Childhood acute leukemias are frequent in Mexico City: descriptive epidemiology

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Worldwide, acute leukemia is the most common type of childhood cancer. It is particularly common in the Hispanic populations residing in the United States, Costa Rica, and Mexico City. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of acute leukemia in children who were diagnosed and treated in public hospitals in Mexico City.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Included in this study were those children, under 15 years of age and residents of Mexico City, who were diagnosed in 2006 and 2007 with leukemia, as determined by using the International Classification of Childhood Cancer. The average annual incidence rates (AAIR), and the standardized average annual incidence rates (SAAIR) per million children were calculated. We calculated crude, age- and sex-specific incidence rates and adjusted for age by the direct method with the world population as standard. We determined if there were a correlation between the incidence of acute leukemias in the various boroughs of Mexico City and either the number of agricultural hectares, the average number of persons per household, or the municipal human development index for Mexico (used as a reference of socio-economic level).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although a total of 610 new cases of leukemia were registered during 2006-2007, only 228 fit the criteria for inclusion in this study. The overall SAAIR was 57.6 per million children (95% CI, 46.9-68.3); acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was the most frequent type of leukemia, constituting 85.1% of the cases (SAAIR: 49.5 per million), followed by acute myeloblastic leukemia at 12.3% (SAAIR: 6.9 per million), and chronic myeloid leukemia at 1.7% (SAAIR: 0.9 per million). The 1-4 years age group had the highest SAAIR for ALL (77.7 per million). For cases of ALL, 73.2% had precursor B-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR: 35.8 per million) and 12.4% had T-cell immunophenotype (SAAIR 6.3 per million). The peak ages for ALL were 2-6 years and 8-10 years. More than half the children (58.8%) were classified as high risk. There was a positive correlation between the average number of persons per household and the incidence of the pre-B immunophenotype (Pearson's r, 0.789; P = 0.02).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The frequency of ALL in Mexico City is among the highest in the world, similar to those found for Hispanics in the United States and in Costa Rica.</p

Adaptación a los cambios ambientales y territoriales

En este libro se abordan temáticas que destacan la adaptación de los distintos sectores de población a los cambios ambientales y territoriales, la cual muestra las respuestas a la incidencia de los estímulos del entorno, económico, social y ambiental. Así, se destaca la exposición de la población a los efectos destructivos de las amenazas y peligros naturales, lo que ha despertado interés en conocer sus causas, prevenir y mitigar el daño. A través de la revisión de estudios se induce la aprehensión de un tema que adquiere importancia en el contexto de los impactos globales, regionales y locales que se producen como consecuencia de la vulnerabilidad estructural característica de los países en desarrollo.En este libro se proponen estrategias de prevención ante la ocurrencia periódica de inundación en San Mateo Atenco, Estado de México y se analizan los factores sociales que inciden en el deterioro del bosque templado en San Lorenzo Huitzitzilapan. También se exponen soluciones para que se mejoren la condición del bosque y la calidad de vida de la población.Proyecto realizado con financiamiento de la Secretaría de Educación Pública-Subsecretaría de Educación Superior-Dirección General de Educación Superior Universitaria. Número del convenio con la SEP: 2017-15-001-017

Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease

Background: Experimental and clinical data suggest that reducing inflammation without affecting lipid levels may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Yet, the inflammatory hypothesis of atherothrombosis has remained unproved. Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial of canakinumab, a therapeutic monoclonal antibody targeting interleukin-1β, involving 10,061 patients with previous myocardial infarction and a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level of 2 mg or more per liter. The trial compared three doses of canakinumab (50 mg, 150 mg, and 300 mg, administered subcutaneously every 3 months) with placebo. The primary efficacy end point was nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or cardiovascular death. RESULTS: At 48 months, the median reduction from baseline in the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level was 26 percentage points greater in the group that received the 50-mg dose of canakinumab, 37 percentage points greater in the 150-mg group, and 41 percentage points greater in the 300-mg group than in the placebo group. Canakinumab did not reduce lipid levels from baseline. At a median follow-up of 3.7 years, the incidence rate for the primary end point was 4.50 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group, 4.11 events per 100 person-years in the 50-mg group, 3.86 events per 100 person-years in the 150-mg group, and 3.90 events per 100 person-years in the 300-mg group. The hazard ratios as compared with placebo were as follows: in the 50-mg group, 0.93 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80 to 1.07; P = 0.30); in the 150-mg group, 0.85 (95% CI, 0.74 to 0.98; P = 0.021); and in the 300-mg group, 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75 to 0.99; P = 0.031). The 150-mg dose, but not the other doses, met the prespecified multiplicity-adjusted threshold for statistical significance for the primary end point and the secondary end point that additionally included hospitalization for unstable angina that led to urgent revascularization (hazard ratio vs. placebo, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.95; P = 0.005). Canakinumab was associated with a higher incidence of fatal infection than was placebo. There was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio for all canakinumab doses vs. placebo, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.06; P = 0.31). Conclusions: Antiinflammatory therapy targeting the interleukin-1β innate immunity pathway with canakinumab at a dose of 150 mg every 3 months led to a significantly lower rate of recurrent cardiovascular events than placebo, independent of lipid-level lowering. (Funded by Novartis; CANTOS ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01327846.

Exogenous environmental factors and susceptibility for breast cancer in Mexican American women

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, with the highest age-adjusted incidence, and also the main cause of death from cancer for women in the United States. There is a considerable amount of accumulated epidemiological data supporting a lower risk of breast cancer from healthy eating, activity and lifestyle practices. Prevalence of breast cancer across ethnicities suggest that differences in unhealthy diet, lifestyle and behaviors, may play a role in its development. The study was conducted at the University Breast Care Center (UBCC) at Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso. Participants in the study were Mexican-American women attending the UBCC for annual breast examination from September 2002 through February 2005. The study was conducted as a multi-phase sampling method. A total of 163 participants were included in the first phase of the study. Participants were assigned to the breast cancer or no breast cancer groups. The average age of all participants was 47 ± 13.5 years. A total of 29 participants (17.86%) had a positive diagnosis of breast cancer. Risk factors for breast cancer family history of breast cancer, age at onset of menarche, gravity and parity, menopausal status, use of hormonal replacement therapy, consumption of alcohol, and obesity were not significantly different between groups. Increased risk for breast cancer was observed for consumption of bacon (OR=2.618; 95% CI=1.119 - 6.124, p=\u3c0.05). Breast cancer was unrelated to consumption of a variety of foods. In the second phase of the study, parameters associated with a high risk for insulin resistance/metabolic syndrome (IR/MS) (waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, fasting glucose and Acanthosis Nigricans (AN) score) were measured in a subset of 84 participants. A categorical scale to assess total risk score for IR/MS and its association to breast cancer was developed using these parameters. Additionally, waist-to-hip ratio, LDL cholesterol, fasting insulin, and estradiol levels were measured. (Abstract shortened by UMI.

Fatigue Dimensions Among AMT Operators in Mexico.

As a result of the inclusion of newer and more sophisticated technologies physical and mental demands imposed on Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine operators have changed reducing physical effort and increasing mental effort. A fatigue assessment instrument that has shown high rates of reliability and internal consistency has been the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory (SOFI). Its original version determined five dimensions of fatigue: lack of energy, physical effort, lack of motivation , physical discomfort, and sleepiness. Later, the inventory was translated and applied to Chinese computer users and Spanish nurses using the same fatigue construct dimensions. The objective of this research was to determine if the five dimensions of fatigue changed when applied to CNC lathe operators in three automotive parts manufacturing companies located in Central Mexico. A modified questionnaire translated into Mexican Spanish was then administered to a random sample of 263 workers. In order to determine the appropriateness of the established fatigue dimensions, Factor Analysis and Principal Components Analysis with Varimax Rotation were applied. Results indicate two significant changes: 1) due to the physical work environment, the variable warm became part of the lack of energy dimension instead of the physical effort dimension, and 2) the physical discomfort and physical effort dimensions merged as a new dimension. As a result, the modified SOFI´s questionnaire 15 fatigue variables were grouped into four dimensions, making different from the five-dimensions SOFI applied in Sweden, Spain, and China. These four new dimensions are lack of energy , discomfort and physical effort , sleepiness and lack of motivation

The Effects of Two Post-Activation Potentiation Methods on Muscular Activation

Post Activation Potentiation (PAP) is an exercise concept based on utilizing a maximal voluntary contraction of the muscles at task to potentiate a dynamic muscular contraction of the same muscles. It is well established that PAP is modulated between performance readiness and muscular fatigue. Heart Rate percentage (HR%) has been used as an indicator of performance readiness and muscular fatigue. PURPOSE: To examine different muscular activation (μV) in response to two different PAP protocols during the vertical jump exercise. METHODS: 8 participants (5 males and 3 females; mean ± SD: Age = 22.6 ± 1.76 years; Height = 1.70 ± .07 m; Weight = 76.58 ± 15.30; BMI = 26.22 ± 3.49) participated in this block randomized cross over design study. After obtaining baseline measures (Maximal Voluntary Contraction [MVC] for each muscle and 1 repetition maximum [1RM] of the back squat), subjects were randomly assigned into one of two test conditions: 1) PAP with Time in between exercises (PAP-T test) and 2) PAP using 50% of Maximal Heart Rate (MHR) between exercises (PAP-HR%). Both tests consisted of 5 repetitions of back squats at 87% of 1RM followed by a rest period and then a vertical jump. During the PAP-T test, the rest period consisted of 1-minute rest in between the squats and the vertical jump, whereas during the PAP-HR% subjects rested until 50% of the MHR (220-age = MHR) was achieved. ElectroMyoGraphical (EMG) signals were recorded from the leg muscles Rectus Femoris (RF), Bicep Femoris (BF), and Gastrocnemius (GS). Vertical jump performance was assessed using a validated video app (MyJump2 app). Non-parametric Friedman-test for repeated measures was used to assess differences in muscular activation and vertical jump height for all conditions. A post hoc test was conducted to find pairwise differences when appropriate, at a significance level of alpha 0.05. RESULTS: The Friedman-test revealed a difference in muscular activity (μV) between both PAP conditions and baseline in the RF (p = 0.02), BF (p = 0.00), and GS (p = 0.05). Further analysis indicated that only the PAP-HR% was different from baseline on the RF (p = 0.01), BF (p = 0.01), and GS (p = 0.01).Similarly, the PAP-T condition only showed to be different on the BF (p = 0.00) when compared to the baseline. Finally, there was no difference in vertical jump performance on either of the conditions (p \u3e 0.05). CONCLUSION: In this study, PAP-HR% appeared to generate greater muscular activation in the RF, BF, and GS despite not being associated with producing a greater vertical jump height. The use of HR% as a modulator during PAP inter-rest periods may represent a valuable method to increase muscular activation of the leg

Associations between Dust Exposure and Hospitalizations in El Paso, Texas, USA

The Southwestern USA has been identified as one of the most persistent dust-producing regions of North America, where exposure to inhalable particulate matter (PM10) originating from desertic landscape during dust events/dust exposures (DEs) can reach hazardous levels. El Paso, Texas’s ambient air has reached hazardous levels of PM10 from dust with near zero visibility due to these natural events originating in the surrounding Chihuahuan Desert. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dust exposures in El Paso (generally acute, short-term exposures from nearby source areas) are associated with significant increases in hospitalizations on the day of the exposure and up to seven days afterwards. Using a Poisson regression, it was found that the relative risks of hospitalizations due to a variety of conditions were associated with dust exposures (through increases of 100 μg/m3 maximum hourly PM10 and/or increases of 4.5 m/s maximum hourly wind speed) in El Paso County, Texas between 2010 and 2014. Valley fever, coronary atherosclerosis, genitourinary diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, injury and poisoning, circulatory system conditions, respiratory system diseases, births, septicemia, Associated Diseases (the aggregation of hospital admissions for all causes, each associated with at least 5% of hospitalizations), and all ICD-9 admissions were significantly positively associated with dust exposures, indicated from higher to lower significant risk, at different lag periods after exposure. These findings, showing that an association does exist between dust exposures and hospitalizations, have important implications for residents of the world’s dryland cities

Desarrollo de un programa para antropometría por medio de fotogrametría

Un estudio antropométrico requiere la toma de dimensione corporales a muestras grandes de la población. El uso de “Técnicas Antropométricas Estandarizadas”, requieren de la inversión de tiempo excesivo, mientras que el uso de técnicas computarizadas requiere de una inversión económica considerable. El presente proyecto de investigación consiste en desarrollar una técnica de mediciones antropométricas, por medio de imágenes, para ser analizadas con un software que utilice la fotogrametría, con la meta de disminuir el tiempo de toma de mediciones y el costo asociado por equipo. La presente investigación se desarrolla en tres fases. En la Fase I se desarrolla el software y la técnica de fotogrametría, para realizar mediciones antropométricas previamente seleccionadas, así como la validación y verificación del software, por medio de pruebas estadísticas. Una vez desarrollado el software, durante la Fase II se selecciona una muestra poblacional para llevar a cabo el estudio antropométrico utilizando la “Técnica Antropométrica Estandarizada" de Hertzberg H.T.E.,” y la técnica fotogramétrica propuesta, con el fin de obtener datos y comparar el tiempo que se lleva realizar la medición en cada método y las posibles diferencias en las medidas obtenidas, en la Fase III, las medidas antropométricas realizadas con el software por medio de fotogrametría, se comparan con mediciones tomadas con métodos tradicionales, para poner a prueba la hipótesis. Como resultado se obtiene una reducción en cuanto a tiempo de un 53%, y en el costo es de un 97%, siendo la técnica fotogramétrica en la cual se obtiene menor tiempo y menor costo para la obtención de medidas antropométricas