The early phases of galaxy clusters formation in IR: coupling hydrodynamical simulations with GRASIL3D

We compute and study the infrared and sub-mm properties of high redshift ($z \gtrsim 1$) simulated clusters and proto-clusters. The results of a large set of hydro-dynamical zoom-in simulations including active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback, have been treated with the recently developed radiative transfer code GRASIL-3D, which accounts for the effect of dust reprocessing in an arbitrary geometry. Here, we have slightly generalized the code to adapt it to the present purpose. Then we have post-processed boxes of physical size 2 Mpc encompassing each of the 24 most massive clusters identified at z=0, at several redshifts between 0.5 and 3, producing IR and sub-mm mock images of these regions and SEDs of the radiation coming out from them. While this field is in its infancy from the observational point of view, rapid development is expected in the near future thanks to observations performed in the far IR and sub-mm bands. Notably, we find that in this spectral regime our prediction are little affected by the assumption required by this post-processing, and the emission is mostly powered by star formation rather than accretion onto super massive black hole (SMBH). The comparison with the little observational information currently available, highlights that the simulated cluster regions never attain the impressive star formation rates suggested by these observations. This problem becomes more intriguing taking into account that the brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) in the same simulations turn out to be too massive. It seems that the interplay between the feedback schemes and the star formation model should be revised, possibly incorporating a positive feedback mode.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures, MNRAS in press. Minor editorial improvement

Rudolf Virchow: 200th birth anniversary

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O surrealismo envergonhado

Although Brazil did not see a full surrealist movement, some modernists identified with its aesthetic and certain guiding principles, such as the unconscious, and experimented with photomontage. But these experiences were overshadowed, at first, by the desire to create a national imaginary and, later, by the space conquered by more constructive works.Ainda que não tenha havido um movimento surrealista no Brasil, alguns modernistas se identificaram com a estética e alguns dos princípios norteadores deste movimento, como por exemplo o inconsciente, e realizaram trabalhos no campo da fotomontagem. Contudo, tais experiências foram ofuscadas, inicialmente pelo desejo de criar um imaginário nacional e, posteriormente, pelo espaço conquistado por obras de caráter mais construtivo.Aunque no hubo movimiento surrealista en Brasil, algunos artistas modernistas se identificaron con la estética y los principios rectores de este movimiento, como el inconsciente, y realizaron trabajos en el campo del fotomontaje. Sin embargo, estas experiencias quedaron ocultas, inicialmente por el intento de crear un imaginario nacional y, posteriormente, por el espacio que han alcanzado obras de tipo más constructivo

Clement Greenberg, o Expressionismo Abstrato e a Crítica de Arte durante a Guerra Fria

O artigo pretende avaliar o impacto do cenário político, intelectual e social encontrados nos Estados Unidos na metade do século XX sobre as idéias do crítico de arte norte-americano Clement Greenberg, refletindo acerca das relações entre a receptividade de sua concepção de modernismo, o sucesso do Expressionismo abstrato ,e o momento histórico no qual estes fenômenos se desenrolaram

Detection of thyroid hormones in human embryonic cavities during the first trimester of pregnancy

et al.Transfer of maternal thyroxine (T4) to the human fetus near term has recently been demonstrated. We investigated whether maternal thyroid hormone is available to the conceptus during the first trimester of pregnancy as well. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided puncture of the embryonic cavities was performed during the first trimester of pregnancy to obtain coelomic fluid between 6 and 11 weeks, and amniotic fluid between 8 and 11 weeks of pregnancy. T4 was found in coelomic fluid with mean values (+/- SEM) being 961 +/- 193 pmol T4/L (747 +/- 150 pg/mL). Concentrations increased both with gestational age and with rising maternal serum T4. Concentrations of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) were at least 30 times lower, and those of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (rT3) four times higher, than coelomic fluid T4. Thyroxine and rT3 in amniotic fluid (8-11 weeks) were markedly lower than in the coelomic fluid, and T3 was undetectable. These results show that maternal thyroxine can cross the placental barrier as early as the second month of pregnancy. T4 from the coelomic fluid may reach the embryo via the yolk sac. This finding raises the possibility that the increase in maternal T4 occurring during the first trimester may be functionally important for the developing embryo, when its thyroid is not yet functioning.This work was supported by grant 92 / 0888 of Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (Spain) and grant nº 3.4530.93. from the “Fends de la Recherche Scientifique Médicale> (FRSM, Belgium).Peer Reviewe

Cubism as method

This paper aims to discuss the relevance of Cubism for Clement Greenberg's vision of Modernism, based on the analysis of essays and critical texts published by him over more than three decades in which the unity of the pictorial surface – understood by the critic as one of the essential features of modern painting, besides its flatness – is identified with the cubist plastic thinking.Este artigo busca discutir a relevância do Cubismo para a concepção de Modernismo elaborada pelo crítico de arte norte-americano Clement Greenberg a partir da análise de ensaios e textos críticos publicados por ele ao longo de mais de três décadas, nos quais transparece a identificação da unidade do plano pictórico – entendida pelo crítico como uma das características mais essenciais da pintura moderna, ao lado da planaridade – com o pensamento plástico cubista

Schopenhauer e a crítica de Walter Benjamin à noção romântica de alegoria

The aim of the text is to investigate Benjamin’s critique to the romantic notion of allegory and its relationship with the role of language in Schopenhauer’s philosophy, mainly concerning about the exclusion of language from aesthetics.O objetivo do texto é discutir a separação entre linguagem e estética na filosofia de Schopenhauer a partir da crítica feita por Walter Benjamin em Origem do Drama Barroco Alemão à concepção romântica de alegoria

A Visual Zooarchaeology Guide for Florida Artifacts

One key factor of archeology research is discovering the faunal bones at excavation sites and seeing what lived many years ago. Faunal remains are bones, hair, shells, and more, any piece of animal anatomy. Discovering the different types of bones at excavations in Florida can give archeologists a sense of the different species in this state that were utilized by humans in the past. This study is creating a visual guide and key for faunal bone artifacts in south Florida. The key will consist of photos of bone artifacts excavated in south Florida of different types of fish and other animals. Also, the key will describe the bones excavated so that people and scientists can know what the defining characteristics of different bones are. Creating this key will be helpful for any other researcher to teach how to identify archaeological bone

Transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect in young children Results and follow-up

AbstractObjectivesThis study sought to analyze the safety, efficacy, and follow-up results of percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) in young children.BackgroundResults of ASD transcatheter closure in adults are widely reported but there are no large published series concerning young children.MethodsBetween December 1996 and February 2002, 48 of 553 patients percutaneously treated at our institution were children age ≤5 years. Indications for closure were: elective closure in 32 patients; frequent respiratory infections in 8; failure to thrive in 2; liver transplantation in 5; and a fenestrated Fontan in 1. The procedure was carried out under general anesthesia with fluoroscopy and transesophageal control. Two different devices were used: 1) the CardioSEAL/StarFLEX (CS/SF) and 2) the Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO). Basal physical examinations and echocardiograms were performed prior to the procedure and at follow-ups (1, 6, and 12 months, and yearly thereafter).ResultsThe mean age at closure was 3.6 ± 1.3 years. A CS/SF was used in 10 subjects; an ASO was used in 38 patients. No deaths or immediate major complications occurred. The total occlusion rate was 87% at procedure, rising to 94% at discharge. The mean follow-up was 18 ± 14 months. No midterm major or minor complications occurred. The occlusion rate rose to 100% at 12 months of follow-up. Symptomatic patients improved significantly.ConclusionsIn the current era and in experienced hands, ASD closure can be performed safely and successfully, even in very young children

Maternal nonthyroidal illness and fetal thyroid hormone status, as studied in the streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus rat model

11 pages, 9 figures, 1 table.We have used the streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus pregnant rat as a model of maternal nonthyroidal illness. We measured the effects of different degrees of diabetes mellitus on maternal body weight, the outcome of pregnancy, circulating glucose, insulin, T4, T3, rT3, and TSH in mother and fetus, T4 and T3 in maternal and fetal tissues, and iodothyronine deiodinases in liver, lung, and brain. All of the changes in thyroid hormone status typical of nonthyroidal illnesses were observed in the mothers and were related to the degree of the metabolic imbalances. Most were controlled with a daily insulin dose of 0.5 U/100 g BW. Normalization of maternal placental T4, however, required higher insulin doses than in other maternal tissues. The number and body weight of the fetuses, their pituitary GH contents, and their thyroid hormone status were severely affected. The total extrathyroidal T4 and T3 pools decreased to one third of normal fetal values. T4 and T3 concentrations in the fetal brain were lower than normal, and the expected increase in type II 5'deiodinase activity was not observed. The low cerebral T3 only improved with adequate insulin treatment of the dams. It is concluded that maternal diabetes mellitus, and possibly other nonthyroidal illnesses that impair the availability of intracellular energy stores, may affect fetal brain T3 when thyroid hormones are essential for normal development.This work was supported by Grant 92–08 88 from the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Spain.Peer reviewe