Using non-human culture in conservation requires careful and concerted action

Discussions of how animal culture can aid the conservation crisis are burgeoning. As scientists and conservationists working to protect endangered species, we call for reflection on how the culture concept may be applied in practice. Here, we discuss both the potential benefits and potential shortcomings of applying the animal culture concept, and propose a set of achievable milestones that will help guide and ensure its effective integration existing conservation frameworks, such as Adaptive Management cycles or Open Standards

Reducción de la absorción de yodo a través de la piel de ratas por micelas poliméricas en comparación con Povidona yodada: un estudio ex vivo

Background: topical antiseptic agents have been used widely in normal skin and wound which is associated with side effects such as systemic toxicity. Objective: Iodine is a non-metallic agent with an antimicrobial property that is used in the clinic as antiseptic. Iodophores such as Povidone-Iodine (PVP-I) introduced to improve the stability of the aqueous solution of iodine. Time taking and expensive procedures for producing complex between iodine and polyvinyl pyrolidine and systemic iodine absorption after topical PVP-I application are limitations on the application of this iodophore. The aim of this study was the design and evaluation of polymeric micelles for the overcoming of PVP-I limitations. Methods: Eight polymeric micelle formulations prepared by the thin-layer method based on full-factorial design. In an ex-vivo study permeability of iodine- loaded in polymeric micelles through rat skin was evaluated in comparison with PVP-I. Results: polymeric micelles demonstrated particle size between 14-153 nm that is affected by critical micelle concentration (CMC) and molecular weight of the polymer. Maximum % of drug released after 24 h was 62.3% that mainly controlled by the type of polymer. All polymeric micelles significantly decreased the percentage of drug permeated through rat skin and so decreased the risk of iodine toxicity. The minimum bactericidal concentration of polymeric micelles was comparable with PVP-I. Conclusion: Polymeric micelle demonstrated a perfect topical carrier for iodine loading and delivery through the skin by Iodine entrapment into the skin and sufficiently antimicrobial effect.Antecedentes: los agentes antisépticos tópicos se han utilizado ampliamente en la piel y heridas normales, lo que se asocia con efectos secundarios como la toxicidad sistémica. Objetivo: el yodo es un agente no metálico con propiedades antimicrobiana que se usa en la clínica como antiséptico. Los yodóforos como la povidona yodada (PVP-I) son introducidos para mejorar la estabilidad de la solución acuosa de yodo. El tiempo y el procedimiento costoso para producir complejos entre yodo y polivinilpirolidina y la absorción sistémica de yodo después de la aplicación tópica de PVP-I son limitaciones en la aplicación de este yodóforo. El objetivo de este estudio fue el diseño y la evaluación de micelas poliméricas para superar las limitaciones de PVP-I. Métodos: Ocho formulaciones de micelas poliméricas son preparadas por el método de capa delgada basado en un diseño factorial completo. En un estudio ex vivo, se evaluó la permeabilidad del yodo cargado en micelas poliméricas a través de la piel de rata en comparación con PVP-I. Resultados: las micelas poliméricas demostraron un tamaño de partícula entre 14-153 nm que se ve afectado por la concentración crítica de micelas (CMC) y el peso molecular del polímero. El porcentaje máximo de fármaco liberado después de 24 h fue del 62,3% que se controla principalmente por el tipo de polímero. Todas las micelas poliméricas disminuyeron significativamente el porcentaje de fármaco permeado a través de la piel de rata y, por lo tanto, disminuyeron el riesgo de toxicidad por yodo. La concentración bactericida mínima de micelas poliméricas fue comparable con PVP-I. Conclusión: la micela polimérica demostró ser un portador tópico perfecto para la carga y entrega de yodo a través de la piel mediante el atrapamiento de yodo en la piel y un efecto antimicrobiano suficiente

Análisis del efecto antimicrobiano de las soluciones sello de gentamicina/heparina y gentamicina/citrato en aislamientos clínicos de Staphylococcus aureus y Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

La bacteriemia asociada a catéter de hemodialisis (BACHD) es de las principales causas de morbilidad en hemodiálisis. Para su prevención han surgido nuevas estrategias como el uso de soluciones sello antisépticas o antibióticas. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto antimicrobiano de las soluciones sello de gentamicina/heparina (G-H), gentamicina/citrato (G-C) y gentamicina (G) en cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Staphylococcus aureus de aislamientos clínicos de infecciones asociadas a catéter (IAC). Se analizaron 2 cepas provenientes de aislamientos clínicos de P. aeruginosa y de S. aureus, además las cepas control P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 y S. aureus ATCC 29213. El 100% de las cepas analizadas de IAC fueron productoras de biopelícula. No hubo diferencias en la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de células planctónicas de G-H (4 μg/mL - 2 UI/mL) y G-C (4 μg/mL – 0.06%). En cuanto a la concentración mínima inhibitoria de biopelícula (CMIB) G-H requirió mayor concentración (2,048 μg/mL- 1000 UI/mL) versus GC (1,024 μg/mL - 16%), contrario a lo observado con la concentración mínima erradicatoria de biopelícula (CMEB) donde G-C obtuvo concetraciones más elevadas. Todas las soluciones sello lograron erradicar la biopelícula de P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 in vitro en el catéter de HD. Como se ha observado en otros estudios, las soluciones sello con gentamicina han logrado reducir la BACHD. In vitro tanto G-H como G-C lograron inhibir y erradicar la biopelícula de P. aeruginosa y de S. aureus. Poder definir la concentración y cual combinación es mejor (G-H versus G-C) aún está en investigación, sin embargo, en este estudio se define cuales dosis podrían utilizarse en estas soluciones sello

Electron-lattice interaction and its impact on high Tc superconductivity

In this Colloquium, the main features of the electron-lattice interaction are discussed and high values of the critical temperature up to room temperature could be provided. While the issue of the mechanism of superconductivity in the high Tc cuprates continues to be controversial, one can state that there have been many experimental results demonstrating that the lattice makes a strong impact on the pairing of electrons. The polaronic nature of the carriers is also a manifestation of strong electron-lattice interaction. One can propose an experiment that allows an unambiguous determination of the intermediate boson (phonon, magnon, exciton, etc.) which provides the pairing. The electron-lattice interaction increases for nanosystems, and this is due to an effective increase in the density of states

Three dimensional complex plasma structures in a combined radio frequency and direct current discharge

We report on the first detailed analysis of large three dimensional (3D) complex plasma structures in experiments performed in pure rf and combined rf+dc discharge modes. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is generated by an rf coil wrapped around the vertically positioned cylindrical glass tube at a pressure of 0.3 mbar. In addition, dc plasma can be generated by applying voltage to the electrodes at the ends of the tube far from the rf coil. The injected monodisperse particles are levitated in the plasma below the coil. A scanning laser sheet and a high resolution camera are used to determine the 3D positions of about $10^5$ particles. The observed bowl-shaped particle clouds reveal coexistence of various structures, including well-distinguished solid-like, less ordered liquid-like, and pronounced string-like phases. New criteria to identify string-like structures are proposed.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figure

Evidence of the Role of QTL Epistatic Interactions in the Increase of Melon Fruit Flesh Content during Domestication

[EN] Cultivated melon was domesticated from wild melons, which produce small fruits with non-edible fruit flesh. The increase in fruit flesh is one of the major domestication achievements in this species. In previous work, a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 6 (paqt6.1) linked to fruit flesh content was detected in a cross between cultivated ("Piel de Sapo", PS) and wild (Ames 24294, TRI) accessions. The QTL was introgressed into the PS background, generating the TRI_6-3 introgression line (IL) that confirmed the effects ofpaqt6.1. The primary objective of this work was to fine-mappaqt6.1as the first step for the map-based cloning. Two different approaches were carried out; however, the results were not consistent, precluding the fine mapping ofpaqt6.1. TRI_6-3 and other related ILs were genotyped by genotyping-by-sequencing, finding additional introgressions in other chromosomes. In an F(2)population from TRI_6-3-x-PS, we found an epistatic interaction betweenpaqt6.1and another locus on chromosome 11. The interaction was verified in advanced populations, suggesting that the effects ofpaqt6.1are conditioned by the allelic composition at another locus in chromosome 11. Both loci should have TRI alleles to reduce the flesh content in the PS background. The implications on the history of melon domestication are discussed.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades grants AGL2017-85563-C2-1-R and RTI2018-097665-B-C22) (jointly funded by FEDER).Riahi, C.; Reig-Valiente, JL.; Picó Sirvent, MB.; Díaz, A.; Gonzalo, MJ.; Monforte Gilabert, AJ. (2020). Evidence of the Role of QTL Epistatic Interactions in the Increase of Melon Fruit Flesh Content during Domestication. Agronomy. 10(8):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081064S115108Gonzalo, M. J., Díaz, A., Dhillon, N. P. S., Reddy, U. K., Picó, B., & Monforte, A. J. (2019). Re-evaluation of the role of Indian germplasm as center of melon diversification based on genotyping-by-sequencing analysis. BMC Genomics, 20(1). doi:10.1186/s12864-019-5784-0Telford, I. R. H., Schaefer, H., Greuter, W., & Renner, S. (2011). A new Australian species of Luffa (Cucurbitaceae) and typification of two Australian Cucumis names, all based on specimens collected by Ferdinand Mueller in 1856. PhytoKeys, 5(0), 21. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.5.1395Filipowicz, N., Schaefer, H., & Renner, S. S. (2014). Revisiting Luffa (Cucurbitaceae) 25 Years After C. Heiser: Species Boundaries and Application of Names Tested with Plastid and Nuclear DNA Sequences. Systematic Botany, 39(1), 205-215. doi:10.1600/036364414x678215Kistler, L., Montenegro, A., Smith, B. D., Gifford, J. A., Green, R. E., Newsom, L. A., & Shapiro, B. (2014). Transoceanic drift and the domestication of African bottle gourds in the Americas. 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Phylogenetic relationships among Cucumis species based on the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequence and microsatellite markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 248(1-4). doi:10.1007/s00606-004-0170-yStuder, A., Zhao, Q., Ross-Ibarra, J., & Doebley, J. (2011). Identification of a functional transposon insertion in the maize domestication gene tb1. Nature Genetics, 43(11), 1160-1163. doi:10.1038/ng.942Li, C., Zhou, A., & Sang, T. (2006). Rice Domestication by Reducing Shattering. Science, 311(5769), 1936-1939. doi:10.1126/science.1123604Frary, A., Nesbitt, T. C., Frary, A., Grandillo, S., Knaap, E. van der, Cong, B., … Tanksley, S. D. (2000). fw2.2  : A Quantitative Trait Locus Key to the Evolution of Tomato Fruit Size. Science, 289(5476), 85-88. doi:10.1126/science.289.5476.85Sanseverino, W., Hénaff, E., Vives, C., Pinosio, S., Burgos-Paz, W., Morgante, M., … Casacuberta, J. M. (2015). Transposon Insertions, Structural Variations, and SNPs Contribute to the Evolution of the Melon Genome. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32(10), 2760-2774. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv152Elshire, R. J., Glaubitz, J. C., Sun, Q., Poland, J. A., Kawamoto, K., Buckler, E. S., & Mitchell, S. E. (2011). A Robust, Simple Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) Approach for High Diversity Species. PLoS ONE, 6(5), e19379. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019379Garcia-Mas, J., Benjak, A., Sanseverino, W., Bourgeois, M., Mir, G., Gonzalez, V. M., … Puigdomenech, P. (2012). The genome of melon (Cucumis melo L.). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(29), 11872-11877. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205415109Brewer, M. T., Lang, L., Fujimura, K., Dujmovic, N., Gray, S., & van der Knaap, E. (2006). Development of a Controlled Vocabulary and Software Application to Analyze Fruit Shape Variation in Tomato and Other Plant Species. Plant Physiology, 141(1), 15-25. doi:10.1104/pp.106.077867Lander, E. S., & Botstein, D. (1989). Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics, 121(1), 185-199. doi:10.1093/genetics/121.1.185KOSAMBI, D. D. (1943). THE ESTIMATION OF MAP DISTANCES FROM RECOMBINATION VALUES. Annals of Eugenics, 12(1), 172-175. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1943.tb02321.xZeng, Z. B. (1994). Precision mapping of quantitative trait loci. Genetics, 136(4), 1457-1468. doi:10.1093/genetics/136.4.1457Windows QTL Cartographer V2.5_011http://statgen.ncsu.edu/qtlcart/WQTLCart.htmArgyris, J. M., Pujol, M., Martín-Hernández, A. M., & Garcia-Mas, J. (2015). Combined use of genetic and genomics resources to understand virus resistance and fruit quality traits in melon. Physiologia Plantarum, 155(1), 4-11. doi:10.1111/ppl.12323Sun, S., Wang, X., Wang, K., & Cui, X. (2019). Dissection of complex traits of tomato in the post-genome era. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 133(5), 1763-1776. doi:10.1007/s00122-019-03478-yFisher, R. A. (1919). XV.—The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 52(2), 399-433. doi:10.1017/s0080456800012163Causse, M., Chaïb, J., Lecomte, L., Buret, M., & Hospital, F. (2007). Both additivity and epistasis control the genetic variation for fruit quality traits in tomato. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 115(3), 429-442. doi:10.1007/s00122-007-0578-1Würschum, T., Maurer, H. P., Schulz, B., Möhring, J., & Reif, J. C. (2011). Genome-wide association mapping reveals epistasis and genetic interaction networks in sugar beet. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 123(1), 109-118. doi:10.1007/s00122-011-1570-3Sáez, C., Esteras, C., Martínez, C., Ferriol, M., Dhillon, N. P. S., López, C., & Picó, B. (2017). Resistance to tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus in melon is controlled by a major QTL located in chromosome 11. Plant Cell Reports, 36(10), 1571-1584. doi:10.1007/s00299-017-2175-3Díaz, A., Zarouri, B., Fergany, M., Eduardo, I., Álvarez, J. M., Picó, B., & Monforte, A. J. (2014). Mapping and Introgression of QTL Involved in Fruit Shape Transgressive Segregation into ‘Piel de Sapo’ Melon (Cucucumis melo L.). PLoS ONE, 9(8), e104188. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104188Wallace, J. G., Larsson, S. J., & Buckler, E. S. (2013). Entering the second century of maize quantitative genetics. Heredity, 112(1), 30-38. doi:10.1038/hdy.2013.6Stitzer, M. C., & Ross‐Ibarra, J. (2018). Maize domestication and gene interaction. New Phytologist, 220(2), 395-408. doi:10.1111/nph.15350Studer, A. J., & Doebley, J. F. (2011). Do Large Effect QTL Fractionate? A Case Study at the Maize Domestication QTL teosinte branched1. Genetics, 188(3), 673-681. doi:10.1534/genetics.111.126508Mu, Q., Huang, Z., Chakrabarti, M., Illa-Berenguer, E., Liu, X., Wang, Y., … van der Knaap, E. (2017). Fruit weight is controlled by Cell Size Regulator encoding a novel protein that is expressed in maturing tomato fruits. PLOS Genetics, 13(8), e1006930. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006930Czerednik, A., Busscher, M., Bielen, B. A. M., Wolters-Arts, M., de Maagd, R. A., & Angenent, G. C. (2012). Regulation of tomato fruit pericarp development by an interplay between CDKB and CDKA1 cell cycle genes. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(7), 2605-2617. doi:10.1093/jxb/err451Doebley, J., Stec, A., & Gustus, C. (1995). teosinte branched1 and the origin of maize: evidence for epistasis and the evolution of dominance. Genetics, 141(1), 333-346. doi:10.1093/genetics/141.1.333Von Korff, M., Léon, J., & Pillen, K. (2010). Detection of epistatic interactions between exotic alleles introgressed from wild barley (H. vulgare ssp. spontaneum). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 121(8), 1455-1464. doi:10.1007/s00122-010-1401-yAzhaguvel, P., Vidya-Saraswathi, D., & Komatsuda, T. (2006). 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Peter the Great’s Intermezzo with G. W. Leibniz and G. Delisle: The Development of Geographical Knowledge in Russia

The article was submitted on 22.11.2017.During his second trip through Western Europe, Russian Tsar Peter the Great (1672‒1725) met the German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646‒1716) shortly before the death of the latter in 1716. Peter was fascinated by Leibniz’s ideas and started bringing a new system of education and academic life to Russia. Leibniz was deeply interested in the issue of a land connection between Asia and America, and discussed it with Peter. After meeting the famous French geographer Guillaume Delisle (1675‒1726) in Paris in the same year , the tsar began thinking about the usefulness of mapping his country. His encounters with the German and French scientists inspired Peter the Great to found the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg and introduce astronomy and geography as scientific disciplines. After he returned to his newly founded capital St Petersburg, the tsar started organising large-scale expeditions to investigate and map his empire, including Siberia and Kamchatka during the First and Second Kamchatka Expeditions.Во время своей второй поездки по Западной Европе император Петр Великий (1672—1725) встречался с немецким философом Готфридом Вильгельмом Лейбницем (1646—1716) незадолго до смерти последнего в 1716 г. Петра I вдохновили идеи Лейбница, что способствовало его желанию утвердить новую систему образования и науки в России. Лейбница интересовало установление сухопутного сообщения между Азией и Америкой, которое он обсуждал с Петром I. После встречи с Гийомом Делилем (1675—1726), которая состоялась в том же году в Париже, царь стал размышлять о создании подробной карты своей страны. Его встречи с немецким и французским учеными вдохновили Петра на учреждение Академии наук в Санкт-Петербурге и придание статуса научных дисциплин в России астрономии и географии. По возращении в свою новую столицу Санкт-Петербург царь организовал несколько масштабных экспедиций, в том числе Первую и Вторую Камчатские экспедиции, целью которых было подробное изучение и картографирование всей империи, включая Сибирь и Камчатку

Actividad inhibidora de la tintura de conyza bonariensis (L.) cronquist contra hongos y bacterias causantes de infecciones superficiales

Introducción: Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist es una planta herbácea de distribución mundial que forma parte del grupo de las malezas y es utilizada para tratar diversas afecciones de la piel. Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad inhibitoria in vitro de la tintura de las hojas de C. bonariensis contra hongos y bacterias causantes de infecciones superficiales. Métodos: La tintura se obtuvo mediante maceración alcohólica de las hojas secas de C. bonariensis. La concentración inhibitoria mínima (MIC) de la tintura se determinó en 53 aislados de pacientes con lesiones superficiales y en 6 cepas de referencia; 20 Malassezia (7 M. sympodialis, 7 M. furfur, 6 M. globosa), 16 Candida (8 C. albicans, 8 C. parapsilosis), 17 dermatofitos (6Trichophyton rubrum, 6 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 5 Microsporum canis) y 6 Staphylococcus aureus. Resultados: Se obtuvo una marcada reducción de la viabilidad de la mayoría de los microorganismos evaluados con bajas concentraciones (menores a 10 % v/v) de la tintura de C. bonariensis. Conclusiones: Los resultados permitieron concluir que la tintura de C. bonariensis tiene actividad antibacteriana contra Staphylococcus aureus y actividad antifúngica contra los principales hongos que causan infecciones superficiales como dermatofitos, Candida y Malassezia. Se observaron variaciones de las MIC entre género y entre especies, pero no se observaron variaciones de las MIC dentro de las especies. Estos resultados contribuyen a dar una explicación científica del uso empírico del extracto de C. bonariensis en el tratamiento de varias infecciones cutáneas y a revalorizar el conocimiento etnomédico tradicional.Introduction: Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist is a herbaceous plant of the underbrush group. It is distributed worldwide and is used to treat a variety of skin conditions.Objective: Evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activity of the tincture from C. bonariensis leaves against fungi and bacteria causing superficial infections. Methods: The tincture was obtained by alcoholic maceration of dry leaves of C. bonariensis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the tincture was determined against 53 isolates from patients with superficial lesions and 6 reference strains; 20 Malassezia (7 M. sympodialis, 7 M. furfur, 6 M. globosa), 16 Candida (8 C. albicans, 8 C. parapsilosis), 17 dermatophytes (6 Trichophyton rubrum, 6 Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 5 Microsporum canis) and 6 Staphylococcus aureus. Results: A notable reduction in the viability of most of the microorganisms evaluated was obtained at low concentrations (under 10 % v/v) of the C. bonariensis tincture.Conclusions: Results allow to conclude that the C. bonariensis tincture displays antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and antifungal activity against the main fungi causing superficial infections, such as dermatophytes, Candida and Malassezia. MIC variations were found between genera and species, but not within each species. These results may help experts find a scientific explanation for the empirical use of the C. bonariensis extract to treat various skin infections and revalue traditional ethnomedical knowledge.Fil: Mussin, Javier Esteban. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; ArgentinaFil: Manzano, Patricia. Universidad de Guayaquil; EcuadorFil: Mangiaterra, Magdalena Leonilda. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; ArgentinaFil: Giusiano, Gustavo Emilio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Instituto de Medicina Regional; Argentin