Serological evaluation of respiratory syncytial (rs) and parainfluenza 3 (pi3) viruses in cattle from Cusco

El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la seroprevalencia de los virus Respiratorio Sincitial (RS) y Parainfluenza 3 (PI3) en bovinos de tres comunidades de la provincia de Espinar, Cusco. Se colectaron 406 muestras de sangre de bovinos mayores de 6 meses de edad, de ambos sexos, para la detección de anticuerpos contra los virus RC y PI3 mediante la prueba de neutralización viral. El 85.0 y 87.4% de los animales presentaron anticuerpos contra los virus RS y PI3, respectivamente, siendo mayor la frecuencia de animales positivos en los grupos etarios de 13 a 24 y >24 meses de edad. Los títulos de anticuerpos contra ambos virus tuvieron un rango de 2 a >256, donde títulos de anticuerpos de 16 a 64 contra el virus RS y PI3 se detectaron en el 61.4 y 58.3% de los animales. El 76.4% de los animales tuvieron anticuerpos contra ambos virus. Los resultados indican que los virus RS y PI3 están ampliamente distribuidos en los bovinos de las tres comunidades.The objective of the present study was to determine the seroprevalence of respiratory syncytial (RS) and parainfluenza 3 (PI3) viruses in cattle from three communities of the province of Espinar, Cusco, Perú. Blood samples were collected from 406 cattle older than 6 months of age of both sexes for the detection of antibodies against the RC and PI3 viruses by viral neutralization test. The 85.0 and 87.4 of animals presented antibodies against the RS and PI3 viruses, respectively, where animals with 13-24 and >24 months old were the most affected age groups. Antibody titres against both viruses had a range of 2 to >256, where antibody titres of 16-64 against RS and PI3 viruses were detected in 61.4 and 58.3% of the animals. Antibodies against both viruses were detected in 76.4% of the animals. The results revealed that the RS and PI3 viruses are widely distributed in the cattle population of the three communities

Cumbres iberoamericanas : resiliencia y relevancia tres décadas después

Números monográficos con título distintivo catalogados individualmente.Los “Análisis Carolina” son textos centrados en asuntos de actualidad, tratando de desentrañar sus claves y ofrecer recomendaciones de política.Bibliograf.: 12Resumen: La decisión de los jefes de Estado y de Gobierno de Iberoamérica, reunidos en México en 1991, de instituir las Cumbres anuales de esta comunidad, fue visionaria. Acogiendo las raíces culturales y lo que llamaron “un rico patrimonio (fundado) en la suma de los pueblos, credos y san- gres diversos” como ejes articuladores de esta comunidad peculiar —y no la geopolítica—, decidieron construirla como un “espacio común” capaz de reconocerse unido aun en esa diversidad. La decisión fue también propia del contexto en que se produjo. Acababa de concluir la Guerra Fría y el concepto de Estado-nación no vivía sus mejores días

Edible films based on black chia (Salvia hispanica l.) seed mucilage containing Rhus microphylla fruit phenolic extract

Functional films based on black chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed mucilage (BCm) containing Rhus microphylla (Rm) fruit phenolic extract were built and characterized. A hydro-alcohol extract (HAE) of Rm was incorporated as the bioactive agent due to its noteworthy phenolic profile, and good antioxidant and antifungal activities. The effects of the BCm concentration (0.2% and 0.4%, w/v), HAE incorporation, and their interaction with glycerol (1.0%, w/v) and calcium chloride (0.05%, w/v) on the films physicochemical properties were evaluated. The filmogenic solutions successfully fitted to the HerschelBulkley model (R2 0.05) changed by the HAE addition, but their surface tension was enhanced (p < 0.05), which could favor their coating ability. The polyanionic nature of the systems (zeta potential-Zp values from 26.9 to 33.3 mV) allowed them to interact with Ca2+ cations, thus forming stable and resistant films. All the films showed low water solubility (15.0% to 22.3%) and high permeability (3.7 to 4.0 × 1010 g m1 s1 Pa1), as well as high biodegradability (moisture content from 66.0% to 80.9%); although the moisture content was reduced (p < 0.05) with HAE addition. The combination of higher BCm ratio and HAE addition (BCm0.4+Rm) led to a more resistant, thick, opaque, and dark film compared with the others obtained. This study reveals the BCm-based films potential, highlighting those with HAE, representing a novel alternative to improve the quality of food products.Financial support from Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro (UAAAN) is gratefully acknowledged by the authors. Zlatina Genisheva thanks to Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the financial support (ref. SFRH/BPD/108868/2015) and to the project COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029145). This study was supported by FCT under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte. The authors would also like to thank to Pablo Virgen of Biocampo S.A. de C.V. and MSc Fidel Peña-Ramos from UAAAN, for their assistance during this study.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effect of plant growth-promoting bacteria and inoculation media in the yield on cooksfoot yield

Objetives: To determine the effect of three PGPB bacteria (Ewingella americana, Bacillus simplex y Microbacterium ginsengiterrae) and three inoculant methods (digestate, compost and cornstarch) on yield, plant height, leaf temperature, tiller density and morphological composition of cooksfoot. Desing/methodology/approach: A completely randomized design was used, with a factorial arrangement 4*3, the experimental units being a pot with five stems. Results: The dry matter did not register difference between treatments with bacteria (P&gt;0.05), but with respect to the control the values increased up to 50%. Compost and digestate media outperformed cornstarch by 22%. The inoculation media had an effect (P&lt;0.05) on the yield and leaf, while the bacteria promoted the formation of new tillers, the yield and reduced the leaf temperature. Findings/conclusions: Compost and digestate as inoculation media can notably favor the beneficial effect of M. ginsengiterrae, which was the one that registered the best yieldsObjective: To determine the effect of three PGPB bacteria (Ewingella americana, Bacillus simplex and Microbacterium ginsengiterrae) and three inoculation media (digestate, compost and cornstarch) on plant height, leaf temperature, stalkdensity, morphological composition, and dry matter yield of orchard grass.Design/Methodology/Approach: A completely randomized design was used, with a factorial arrangement 4X3, the experimental units being a pot with five initial stalks.Results: The dry matter did not show difference between treatments with bacteria (P&gt;0.05), but the control the values increased up to 50%. Compost and digestate media outperformed cornstarch by 22%. The inoculation media had an effect(P?0.05) on the yield and leaf variables, while the bacteria promoted the formation of new stalks and the production of  biomass, and reduced the leaf temperature.Findings/Conclusions: Compost and digestate as inoculation media can notably favor the beneficial effect of M. ginsengiterrae, which was the one that registered the best yield

Convergencias transculturales en el Caribe y Centroamérica

Editores: Mauricio Chaves, Werner Mackenbach, Héctor Pérez BrignoliLos ensayos recopilados en este libro se basan en trabajos presentados en el Simposio Internacional: Convergencias transculturales en el Caribe. Literatura, arte, cultura, historia, comunicación realizada en noviembre de 2015 en la Universidad de Costa Rica.4 Exploran algunas dimensiones de los “entrecruzamientos”, “branchementes” y “entanglements” entre Centroamérica y el Caribe).UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Sociales::Centro de Investigaciones Históricas de América Central (CIHAC

Evidence of human occupation in Mexico around the Last Glacial Maximum

The initial colonization of the Americas remains a highly debated topic1 , and the exact timing of the frst arrivals is unknown. The earliest archaeological record of Mexico—which holds a key geographical position in the Americas—is poorly known and understudied. Historically, the region has remained on the periphery of research focused on the frst Americanpopulations2 . However, recent investigations provide reliable evidence of a human presence in the northwest region of Mexico3,4 , the Chiapas Highlands5 , Central Mexico6 and the Caribbean coast7–9 during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene epochs. Here we present results of recent excavations at Chiquihuite Cave—a high-altitude site in central-northern Mexico—that corroborate previous fndings in the Americas10–17of cultural evidence that dates to the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500–19,000years ago)18, and which push back dates for human dispersal to the region possibly as early as 33,000–31,000years ago. The site yielded about 1,900stone artefacts within a 3-m-deep stratifed sequence, revealing a previously unknown lithic industry that underwent only minor changes over millennia. More than 50radiocarbon and luminescence dates provide chronological control, and genetic, palaeoenvironmental and chemical data document the changing environments in which the occupants lived. Our results provide new evidence for the antiquity of humans in the Americas, illustrate the cultural diversity of the earliest dispersal groups (which predate those of the Clovis culture) and open new directions of research

The Brood Ball of Canthon (Canthon) Lituratus Germar (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) and Its Fossil Counterpart Coprinisphaera cotiae Sánchez and Genise New Ichnospecies, with a Brief Review of South American Fossil Brood Balls

The brood ball of Canthon (Canthon) lituratus Germar is an elongated ovoid covered by a thin lining of soil and dung fibers. The provision is mostly composed of dung and scattered flakes of organic matter. The egg chamber, which is located in the upper part of the provision, shows no evidence of lining and is connected to the exterior through an elongated aeration conduit. This conduit, which acts as a filter, is filled with interlaced dung fibers. These brood ball features are compared with those reported for several coprophagous species of Canthon Hoffmansegg. The brood ball of C. lituratus is also compared with a similar new fossil brood ball from the Cenozoic of Patagonia: Coprinisphaera cotiae Sánchez and Genise, new ichnospecies. A brief review of South American fossil brood balls in the ichnogenera Coprinisphaera Sauer and Quirogaichnus Laza is also provided with illustrations of the types.Fil: Sánchez, María Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; ArgentinaFil: Genise, Jorge Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia"; Argentin

Extracts of Agrito (Rhus microphylla) for the control of plant pathogenic fungi

The greatest losses in crops in the field and postharvest stage, are mostly produced by the attack of fungi. Fusarium oxysporum and Corynespora cassiicola are two devastating plant pathogenic fungi that infect several crops (e.g. tomato and cucumber). The conventional agriculture uses chemical pesticides; however, a large majority of crops are generating resistance, in addition to having a negative impact on health and the environment. The use of plant extracts has emerged as a natural alternative within the framework of organic agriculture, highlighting the plants of the Mexican Semidesert. In this context, the properties of agrito (Rhus microphylla), a plant used in the traditional medicine, have not been studied. Thus, the objectives of this work were: (1) to evaluate the antifungal activity in vitro of aqueous (AE), ethanol (EE), and hydro-alcohol (HAE) extracts of berries of R. microphylla on F. oxysporum and C. cassiicola; and (2) to characterize the extracts in the terms of total phenolic compounds (TPC) by Folin Ciocalteu and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) methods, and antioxidant activity expressed as the concentration required to obtain a 50% of inhibition of radical scavenging activity (IC50). The EE showed the highest (p<0.05) content of TPC (201.6 +/- 3.3 mg gallic acid (GA) g-1 extract), characterized by the presence of gallic acid (321.9 +/- 4.0 mg L-1) and p-cumaric acid + epicatechin (42.2 +/- 2.9 mg L-1); followed by HAE (151.0 +/- 3.9 mg GA g-1 extract), which mainly contains gallic acid and p-cumaric acid + epicatechin (98.6 +/- 4.4 and 78.2 +/- 1.5 mg L-1, respectively); and AE (146.8 +/- 0.1 mg GA g-1 extract), in which gallic acid was detected at a concentration of 203.2 +/- 0.7 mg L-1. However, EE and AE did not present significant differences in the antioxidant activity, as both showed an IC50 of 0.1 +/- 0.0 mg mL-1 , while for HAE the IC50 value was 0.2 +/- 0.0 mg mL-1. These results are interesting and support the antifungal behavior of the extracts. For both fungi, the antifungal activity was concentration-dependent and varied according to the fungus genera, being the EE that had a significant inhibition of 100% growth of both fungi from the concentration of 2500 mg L-1. The HAE allowed an inhibition about 60% also at 2500 mg L-1 for both fungi, and 100% of inhibition of C. cassiicola at 3000 mg L-1. The AE exhibited the lowest (p<0.05) antifungal effect with inhibition values of 20.8 +/- 3.4 and 62.8 +/- 1.5% at 3000 mg L-1 for F. oxysporum and C. cassiicola, respectively. The EE and HAE of berries of R. microphylla are promising as a natural alternative to control phytopathogenic fungi in crops of commercial importance.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio