A Good Policy of Sustainable Tourism

We consider an extensive form game to analyze the interdependence between environmental protection of resources, the activities related with the tourism and the behavior of a local population. We answer two questions: 1) Suppose that the central planner invest in tourist activities, has he incentives to do an aggressive propagandistic campaign to convince the tourist to come for the country? 2) How good is from the environmental point of view that the local inhabitants prefer to work in tourist activities? So we analyze the situation when it's possible to obtain a sustainable tourism in a country such that the tourism is the main economic activity.Imperfect information, mixed strategies, repeated game, sustainable tourism

Economic growth and poverty traps: what is the role of human capital?

En este trabajo presentamos un modelo de crecimiento económico particular, concebido para un país en vías de desarrollo, en el que aparecen trampas de pobreza. Se muestra que las políticas de austeridad, tantas veces exigidas a este tipo de países, no son capaces de sacar al país del estancamiento producido por estas trampa, pero sí es efectiva la inversión sostenida en la creación de capital humano, permitiendo superar la trampa de pobreza y llevar al país a un estado alto de crecimiento.This paper introduces a model of economic growth, intended for representing developing countries, that exhibits poverty traps. The policies of financial restraint that are usually asked for those countries are shown here to lead to a lower equilibrium. That is, they do not allow those economies to get out of their poverty traps. Sustained investment in the creation of human capital, instead, helps to surpass that barrier and lead the economies towards higher growth equilibrium.Fil: Accinelli, Elvio. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana; México. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí; MéxicoFil: Brida, Juan G.. Free University of Bolzano; ItaliaFil: London, Silvia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Economía. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur; Argentin

Environmental Levels of the Antiviral Oseltamivir Induce Development of Resistance Mutation H274Y in Influenza A/H1N1 Virus in Mallards

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) is the most widely used drug against influenza infections and is extensively stockpiled worldwide as part of pandemic preparedness plans. However, resistance is a growing problem and in 2008–2009, seasonal human influenza A/H1N1 virus strains in most parts of the world carried the mutation H274Y in the neuraminidase gene which causes resistance to the drug. The active metabolite of oseltamivir, oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), is poorly degraded in sewage treatment plants and surface water and has been detected in aquatic environments where the natural influenza reservoir, dabbling ducks, can be exposed to the substance. To assess if resistance can develop under these circumstances, we infected mallards with influenza A/H1N1 virus and exposed the birds to 80 ng/L, 1 µg/L and 80 µg/L of OC through their sole water source. By sequencing the neuraminidase gene from fecal samples, we found that H274Y occurred at 1 µg/L of OC and rapidly dominated the viral population at 80 µg/L. IC50 for OC was increased from 2–4 nM in wild-type viruses to 400–700 nM in H274Y mutants as measured by a neuraminidase inhibition assay. This is consistent with the decrease in sensitivity to OC that has been noted among human clinical isolates carrying H274Y. Environmental OC levels have been measured to 58–293 ng/L during seasonal outbreaks and are expected to reach µg/L-levels during pandemics. Thus, resistance could be induced in influenza viruses circulating among wild ducks. As influenza viruses can cross species barriers, oseltamivir resistance could spread to human-adapted strains with pandemic potential disabling oseltamivir, a cornerstone in pandemic preparedness planning. We propose surveillance in wild birds as a measure to understand the resistance situation in nature and to monitor it over time. Strategies to lower environmental levels of OC include improved sewage treatment and, more importantly, a prudent use of antivirals

Fate and Uptake of Pharmaceuticals in Soil–Plant Systems

Pharmaceuticals have been detected in the soil environment where there is the potential for uptake into crops. This study explored the fate and uptake of pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, fluoxetine, propranolol, sulfamethazine) and a personal care product (triclosan) in soil–plant systems using radish (Raphanus sativus) and ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Five of the six chemicals were detected in plant tissue. Carbamazepine was taken up to the greatest extent in both the radish (52 μg/g) and ryegrass (33 μg/g), whereas sulfamethazine uptake was below the limit of quantitation (LOQ) (<0.01 μg/g). In the soil, concentrations of diclofenac and sulfamethazine dropped below the LOQ after 7 days. However, all pharmaceuticals were still detectable in the pore water at the end of the experiment. The results demonstrate the ability of plant species to accumulate pharmaceuticals from soils with uptake apparently specific to both plant species and chemical. Results can be partly explained by the hydrophobicity and extent of ionization of each chemical in the soil

Luigi Settembrini. Periodico letterario educativo mensile. A. 2, n.1(1892)-A. 3, n.10(1894)

A.2, n.1(nov.1892): G. Olivieri, Ad Antonio Bartolini, P. 1-2 ; G. Olivieri, Prospero Viani, P. 2-11; R. Sabbatini, Ancora Quom o Quum?, P. 11-2 ; Pensieri del Settembrini, P. 12-3 ; E. Perito, Ad nubem, P. 13; F. Lagrance, Dell’educazione fisica, p. 14-15 ; Cronaca dell’Istituto L. Settembrini, P. 15-6.A. 2, n. 2(dic. 1892): G. Lanzalone, La morale nell’arte, P. 17-23 ; B. ( dal Bibliografo), Per i libri di testo nelle scuole elementari, P. 23-5 ; V. Notari, In Gutembergium artis typograficae inventorem, P. 25; Progressi della navigazione aerea, P. 26-8 ; Pensieri del Settembrini, P. 28-9 ; Il nostro concorso, P. 29 ; G. Lanzalone, La prima pioggia d’autunno, P. 30-1A. 2, n.3(gen. 1893): Bonghi, Una lettera del Bonghi, P. 33-4 ; G. Lanzalone, Ancora della morale nell’arte, P. 34-8 ; Pensieri del Settembrini, P. 38-9 ; C. Arlìa, Buon dì e tre anguille, P. 39-41 ; G. Lanzalone , All’amico G. Olivieri , P. 42-3 ; P. Lioy, Bagni e villeggiature, P. 43-5.A. 2, n. 4(feb. 1893): C. A. Alemagna, Per la morale nell’arte, P. 49-55.A. 2, n. 5(mar. 1893): R. Sabbatini, L’epistola di Saffo a Faone, P. 65-6 ; G. Lanzalone, Il drammaturgo(caricatura), P. 66-7 ; G. Lanzalone, Ancora per la morale dell’arte, P. 67-70 ; F. De Falco, Un’altra lettera!, P. 71-2 ; Il Settembrini, Per una petizione al Parlamento, P. 72; E. Perito, A mia sorella morta, P. 73-4.A. 2, n.6(apr. 1893): Il Settembrini, Petizione al Parlamento, P. 81-3 ; C. Arlia, Noterelle filologiche, P. 84-5 ; G. Bigoni, Ricordi Picentini (2 sonetti), P. 85 ; C. A. Alemagna, Lettera con annotazioni, P. 86-90 ; V. Caputo, Il giuramento, P. 90-1 ; A. Buscaino Campo, Il piè fermo di Dante, P. 92-3.A.2, n.7(apr. 1893): G. Lanzalone, Professori e maestri, P. 97-9 ; il Settembrini, Petizione al Parlamento, P. 100-2 ; Lista delle adesioni, P. 102-4 ; Guido Bigoni, Domenica Rusticana, P. 105 ; Pensieri del Settembrini, P. 105-7 ; Dal Gazzettino d’oro, Utili varietà, P. 107-8 ; G. Lanzalone, Al maggiore Vincenzo Notari, P. 108 ; V. Notarius, Risposta, P. 109 ; F. Accinelli, La poesia della vita, P. 109-10.A. 2, n.8(giu. 1893): C. Arlìa, Noterelle filologiche, P. 113-16 ; Guido Bigoni, La quercia del Tasso, P. 116 ; G. Lanzalone, La ginnastica con la neve, P. 116-17 ; Luigi Settembrini, Una lettera inedita di L. Settembrini, P. 118-19 ; V. Notaro, In Ariostum, P. 119 ; L’arte di respirare, P. 120-21 ; F. De Falco, Il suicidio e la religione, P. 122-24.A.2, n.9/10(lug.-ago. 1893): R. Mariano, Ad un banchetto nunziale, P. 129-132 ; G. Lanzalone, A Cristoforo Colombo, P. 132-34 ; C. Arlìa, Note filologiche, P. 135-36 ; G. Olivieri, Il terzo libro della vita di G. Cristo, P. 136-39 ; F. Persico, La pace, P. 140-41 ; L. A. Villari, Cesare Dalbono, P. 141-45.A.2, n.11/12(sett.-ott. 1893): Luigi Settembrini, Una lettera inedita di L. Settembrini, P. 153-54 ; A. De Leo, Vite di illustri salernitani, P. 154-62 ; G. Franciosi, I sogni, P. 162-63 ; A. Frabasile, Bozzetti ellenici, P. 164-70 ; L. A. Villari , Errori Giudiziari, P. 171-75 ; G. Lanzalone, Verismo, P. 175-76.A.3,n.1/2 (nov.-dic. 1893): M. Giordano, La pubblica educazione e l’ateismo, P. 1-4 ; il Settembrini, Concorso, P. 4 ; Per una forca conservata in un museo, P. 5 ; G. Lanzalone, L’Ora presente, P. 5 ; C. Mariano Pilar, Silvio Spaventa, P. 6-19 ; C. Arlìa, Note filologiche, P. 20-1 ; G. Grammatica, Ideale, P. 22 ; G. Olivieri, Funesta rimembranza, P. 31-2 ; G. Olivieri, La notte della vigilia del Natale, P. 32.A.3, n.3/4(gen.-feb. 1894): G. Lanzalone, E la nostra petizione?, P. 33-5 ; Dall’albo di Luigi Antonio Villari, P. 36 ; G. Olivieri, Una visita inaspettata, P. 37-46 ; A. Frabasile, Alla signora G. P., P. 47 ; M. Giordano, Il Governo, i Municipi e l’istruzione religiosa, P. 48-53 ; G. Lanzalone, Esercizi militari, P. 53 ; C. Arlìa, Note filologiche, P. 54 ; G. Lanzalone, Un dubbio proposto al prof. Sabbadini, P. 54-5 ; G. L., Risultato del passato concorso e concorso nuovo, P. 55-6 ; R. Galdi, Epistola di Catullo ad Ortalo, P. 57.A.3, n.5/6(mar-apr 1894): G. Lanzalone, Dell’educazione nelle scuole classiche, P. 65-70 ; G. L., Un epigramma di Leone XIII, P. 70-1 ; V. Caputo, Vita di borso, P. 72-6 ; C. Arlìa, Note filologiche, P. 76-7 ; G. Lanzalone, Amore, P. 78 ; Aniello Gaeta, Dulcissime Rerum, P. 79-81 ; Francesco De Falco, La duchessa Ravaschieri e il dormitorio, P. 81-2 ; Carmine Zottoli, Risultato del passato concorso e concorso nuovo, P. 82-6.A.3, n. 7/8(mag. – giu 1894): C. Arlìa, Note filologiche, P. 97-8 ; G. Lanzalone, Per il 1°Maggio, P. 98-101 ; M. Giordano, La libertà d’insegnamento e di coscienza, P. 101-10 ; L. A. Villari, Il capitano Tim- Tim, P. 111- 15 ; C. A. Alemagna, L’opera recente di Herbert Spencer, P. 115-16 ; Nicc. Castagna, Sospiro, P. 116 ; G. Cuomo, Sovra un passo del carme “I Sepolcri”, P. 117-20.A.3, n.9(lug. 1894): Concorso nuovo, P. 125 ; C. Arlìa, Note filologiche, P. 126-27 ; Il manicomio dei genii, P. 127 ; G. Lanzalone, Elena, P. 128 ; Giovanni Cuomo, Nunzio del giorno, P. 128-29 ; Giovanni Manfredi, Ofelia, P. 129 ; G. Lanzalone, Da Anacreonte, P. 139.A.3, n.10(ago. 1894): R. Sabbadini, L’anno della nascita di Gasparino Barziza, P. 141-42 ; G. Lanzalone, Il Discredito dei versi, P. 142-46 ; C. Arlìa, Note filologiche, P. 147-48 ; E. Perito, L’ultima rosa d’estate, P. 148 ; D’Aloja, L’arte e la critica, P. 149-51 ; Epigrammi, P. 151-52

Occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis harboring insecticidal cry1 genes in a corn field in Northern Italy

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