Enerji tüketimi, altyapı yatırımları ve ekonomik büyüme: Sovyetler Birliği sonrası Orta Asya Ülkeleri

The aim of this study is to estimate the impact of energy use, employment, and capital formation on real GDP for four Central Asian countries: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan using panel data analysis between 1990 to 2018. This study uses ARDL1 approach to investigate the long-run relationship among real GDP and energy use, employment, and capital formation. The results show an inverse relationship between real GDP and energy use, but a positive relationship real GDP and other independent variables, employment and capital formation. The Dolado-Lütkepohl Causality Test has been applied to determine the causality among the variables. Test results show that electric consumption increases real GDP. A unidirectional causality has been found between capital formation and real GDP. The results also show a unidirectional causality between capital and employment, confirming capital accumulation is a vital factor in economic growth.Bu çalışmanın amacı, dört Orta Asya ülkesi için enerji kullanımı, istihdam ve altyapı yatırımlarının reel_x000D_ Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (GSYİH) üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir. Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Tacikistan_x000D_ ve Özbekistan için 1990-2018 dönemi panel veri analizini kullanarak Otoregressive Dağıtılmış Gecikme_x000D_ modeli (ARDL) ile reel GSYİH, enerji kullanımı, altyapı yatırımları ve istihdam arasındaki uzun vadeli_x000D_ ilişkiyi araştırmak için kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, reel GSYİH ile enerji kullanımı arasında ters bir ilişki_x000D_ olduğunu, ancak istihdam ve altyapı yatırımları ile reel GSYİH arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu_x000D_ göstermektedir. Değişkenler arasındaki nedenselliğin belirlenmesi için Dolado-Lütkepohl Nedensellik_x000D_ Testi uygulanmıştır. Dolado-Lütkepohl test sonuçları, elektrik tüketiminden reel GSYİH'ya doğru bir_x000D_ nedensellik olduğunu göstermektedir. Altyapı yatırımları ile reel GSYİH arasında da tek yönlü bir_x000D_ nedensellik bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar ayrıca altyapı yatırımlarının ile istihdam arasında tek yönlü bir_x000D_ nedensellik olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, bu ülkeler için altyapı yatırımlarının ülkelerin ekonomik_x000D_ büyümesi ve gelişmesinde önemli bir faktör olduğunu doğrulamaktadır.Bu çalışmanın amacı, dört Orta Asya ülkesi için enerji kullanımı, istihdam ve altyapı yatırımlarının reel Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla (GSYİH) üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemektir. Kazakistan, Kırgızistan, Tacikistan ve Özbekistan için 1990-2018 dönemi panel veri analizini kullanarak Otoregressive Dağıtılmış Gecikme modeli (ARDL) ile reel GSYİH, enerji kullanımı, altyapı yatırımları ve istihdam arasındaki uzun vadeli ilişkiyi araştırmak için kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, reel GSYİH ile enerji kullanımı arasında ters bir ilişki olduğunu, ancak istihdam ve altyapı yatırımları ile reel GSYİH arasında pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. Değişkenler arasındaki nedenselliğin belirlenmesi için Dolado-Lütkepohl Nedensellik Testi uygulanmıştır. Dolado-Lütkepohl test sonuçları, elektrik tüketiminden reel GSYİH'ya doğru bir nedensellik olduğunu göstermektedir. Altyapı yatırımları ile reel GSYİH arasında da tek yönlü bir nedensellik bulunmuştur. Sonuçlar ayrıca altyapı yatırımlarının ile istihdam arasında tek yönlü bir nedensellik olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar, bu ülkeler için altyapı yatırımlarının ülkelerin ekonomik büyümesi ve gelişmesinde önemli bir faktör olduğunu doğrulamaktadır

Expression of the maize ZmGF14-6 gene in rice confers tolerance to drought stress while enhancing susceptibility to pathogen infection

14-3-3 proteins are found in all eukaryotes where they act as regulators of diverse signalling pathways associated with a wide range of biological processes. In this study the functional characterization of the ZmGF14-6 gene encoding a maize 14-3-3 protein is reported. Gene expression analyses indicated that ZmGF14-6 is up-regulated by fungal infection and salt treatment in maize plants, whereas its expression is down-regulated by drought stress. It is reported that rice plants constitutively expressing ZmGF14-6 displayed enhanced tolerance to drought stress which was accompanied by a stronger induction of drought-associated rice genes. However, rice plants expressing ZmGF14-6 either in a constitutive or under a pathogen-inducible regime showed a higher susceptibility to infection by the fungal pathogens Fusarium verticillioides and Magnaporthe oryzae. Under infection conditions, a lower intensity in the expression of defence-related genes occurred in ZmGF14-6 rice plants. These findings support that ZmGF14-6 positively regulates drought tolerance in transgenic rice while negatively modulating the plant defence response to pathogen infection. Transient expression assays of fluorescently labelled ZmGF14-6 protein in onion epidermal cells revealed a widespread distribution of ZmGF14-6 in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Additionally, colocalization experiments of fluorescently labelled ZmGF14-6 with organelle markers, in combination with cell labelling with the endocytic tracer FM4-64, revealed a subcellular localization of ZmGF14-6 in the early endosomes. Taken together, these results improve our understanding of the role of ZmGF14-6 in stress signalling pathways, while indicating that ZmGF14-6 inversely regulates the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses

Arabidopsis protein phosphatase DBP1 nucleates a protein network with a role in regulating plant defense

Arabidopsis thaliana DBP1 belongs to the plant-specific family of DNA-binding protein phosphatases. Although recently identified as a novel host factor mediating susceptibility to potyvirus, little is known about DBP1 targets and partners and the molecular mechanisms underlying its function. Analyzing changes in the phosphoproteome of a loss-of-function dbp1 mutant enabled the identification of 14-3-3l isoform (GRF6), a previously reported DBP1 interactor, and MAP kinase (MAPK) MPK11 as components of a small protein network nucleated by DBP1, in which GRF6 stability is modulated by MPK11 through phosphorylation, while DBP1 in turn negatively regulates MPK11 activity. Interestingly, grf6 and mpk11 loss-offunction mutants showed altered response to infection by the potyvirus Plum pox virus (PPV), and the described molecular mechanism controlling GRF6 stability was recapitulated upon PPV infection. These results not only contribute to a better knowledge of the biology of DBP factors, but also of MAPK signalling in plants, with the identification of GRF6 as a likely MPK11 substrate and of DBP1 as a protein phosphatase regulating MPK11 activity, and unveils the implication of this protein module in the response to PPV infection in Arabidopsis.This work was supported by the Spanish MICINN (Grants BFU2009-09771, EUI2009-04009 to PV), Generalitat Valenciana (Prometeo2010/020 to PV) and the German DFG (SCHE 235/15-1 to DS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Carrasco Jiménez, JL.; Castelló Llopis, MJ.; Naumann, K.; Lassowskat, I.; Navarrete Gomez, ML.; Scheel, D.; Vera Vera, P. (2014). Arabidopsis protein phosphatase DBP1 nucleates a protein network with a role in regulating plant defense. PLoS ONE. 9:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090734S1109Carrasco, J. L. (2003). 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Repeated long-distance dispersal and convergent evolution in hazel

Closely related species with a worldwide distribution provide an opportunity to understand evolutionary and biogeographic processes at a global scale. Hazel (Corylus) is an economically important genus of tree and shrub species found in temperate regions of Asia, North America and Europe. Here we use multiple nuclear and chloroplast loci to estimate a time-calibrated phylogenetic tree of the genus Corylus. We model the biogeographic history of this group and the evolutionary history of tree and shrub form. We estimate that multiple Corylus lineages dispersed long distances between Europe and Asia and colonised North America from Asia in multiple independent events. The geographic distribution of tree versus shrub form of species appears to be the result of 4–5 instances of convergent evolution in the past 25 million years. We find extensive discordance between our nuclear and chloroplast trees and potential evidence for chloroplast capture in species with overlapping ranges, suggestive of past introgression. The important crop species C. avellana is estimated to be closely related to C. maxima, C. heterophylla var. thunbergii and the Colurnae subsection. Our study provides a new phylogenetic hypothesis or Corylus and reveals how long-distance dispersal can shape the distribution of biodiversity in temperate plants

A survey of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene superfamily in the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)

Salmon lice,Lepeophtheirus salmonis(Krøyer, 1837), are fish ectoparasites causing significant economic damage in the mariculture of Atlantic salmon,Salmo salarLinnaeus, 1758. The control ofL.salmonisat fish farms relies to a large extent on treatment with anti-parasitic drugs. A problem related to chemical control is the potential for development of resistance, which inL.salmonisis documented for a number of drug classes including organophosphates, pyrethroids and avermectins. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) gene superfamily is found in all biota and includes a range of drug efflux transporters that can confer drug resistance to cancers and pathogens. Furthermore, some ABC transporters are recognised to be involved in conferral of insecticide resistance. While a number of studies have investigated ABC transporters inL.salmonis, no systematic analysis of the ABC gene family exists for this species. This study presents a genome-wide survey of ABC genes inL.salmonisfor which, ABC superfamily members were identified through homology searching of theL.salmonisgenome. In addition, ABC proteins were identified in a reference transcriptome of the parasite generated by high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of a multi-stage RNA library. Searches of both genome and transcriptome allowed the identification of a total of 33 genes / transcripts coding for ABC proteins, of which 3 were represented only in the genome and 4 only in the transcriptome. Eighteen sequences were assigned to ABC subfamilies known to contain drug transporters,i.e. subfamilies B (4 sequences), C (11) and G (2). The results suggest that the ABC gene family ofL.salmonispossesses fewer members than recorded for other arthropods. The present survey of theL.salmonisABC gene superfamily will provide the basis for further research into potential roles of ABC transporters in the toxicity of salmon delousing agents and as potential mechanisms of drug resistance