Formation of 3Hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone (Sotolone) from 4-Hydroxy-Lisoleucine and 3-Amino-4,5-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2(5H)-furanone

The proposed formation of 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone (sotolone) from 4-hydroxy-Lisoleucine (1) and the corresponding lactone 3-amino-4,5-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2(5H)-furanone (2) by thermally induced oxidative deamination was corroborated. The formation of sotolone was studied in model systems by reacting 1 or 2 with different carbonyl compounds in a phosphate buffer at pH 5 at 100°C for 1 h. The amount of sotolone was quantified by stable isotope dilution assays using 13 C 2 -labeled sotolone as internal standard and GC-MS operating in the selected ion monitoring mode. In general, R-ketoaldehydes were found to be more reactive than R-diketones. Methylglyoxal gave rise to about 64 µg sotolone per mg 1 (7.4 mol %) compared to less than 1 µg (<0.1 mol %) when reacted with 2,3-pentanedione. Using 2 as the starting material, the yields were increased to 274 µg (35.9 mol %) and 5.4 µg (0.7 mol %), respectively. The optimum pH of the reaction with HIL was 5, representing the best compromise between the lactonization step and the amino-carbonyl reaction. Significant amounts of sotolone were generated only at temperatures higher than 70°C. The yield increased over a period of 10 h to about 210 µg/mg 1 (23.8 mol %). The Strecker degradation of 1, resulting in 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutanal, was a competitive reaction to the formation of sotolone

Validation of the French Version of Conners' Parent Rating Scale–Revised, Short Version (CPRS-R:S): Scale Measurement Invariance by Sex and Age

Objective: ADHD is one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition to clinical assessment, its diagnosis requires the use of validated and reliable behavior questionnaires such as the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised: Short Form (CPRS-R:S). Though various French versions of the CPRS-R:S have been already put to use in clinical practice and research, only a few have undergone a stringent validation process. After a previous validation of the factorial structure of Lausanne French version, we sought here for the analysis of its invariance across sex and age. Method: This validation step was carried out in a rather homogeneous French population of 365 boys and 374 girls from a single school. Two-age classes were considered: children (boys and girls) aged 9 to 11 years (n = 258) and adolescents aged 12 to 15 years (n = 481). Results: Regarding age, dimension Oppositional showed a strong invariance whereas dimensions Hyperactivity and Cognitive problems/Inattention showed a partially strong invariance. Regarding sex, dimensions Oppositional and Hyperactivity showed a partially strong invariance whereas dimension Cognitive problems/Inattention showed a partially weak invariance. The distribution of the CPRS-R:S scores is given by sex and age class. Conclusion: The Lausanne French version of the CPRS-R:S, already validated regarding its factorial structure, internal consistency, and reliability, is here validated regarding its invariance across sex and age. Caution should be taken in using dimension Cognitive problems/Inattention in comparisons between boys and girls

Validation of the French Version of Conners’ Parent Rating Scale–Revised, Short Version (CPRS-R:S): Scale Measurement Invariance by Sex and Age

International audienceObjective: ADHD is one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition to clinical assessment, its diagnosis requires the use of validated and reliable behavior questionnaires such as the Conners’ Parent Rating Scale–Revised: Short Form (CPRS-R:S). Though various French versions of the CPRS-R:S have been already put to use in clinical practice and research, only a few have undergone a stringent validation process. After a previous validation of the factorial structure of Lausanne French version, we sought here for the analysis of its invariance across sex and age. Method: This validation step was carried out in a rather homogeneous French population of 365 boys and 374 girls from a single school. Two-age classes were considered: children (boys and girls) aged 9 to 11 years ( n = 258) and adolescents aged 12 to 15 years ( n = 481). Results: Regarding age, dimension Oppositional showed a strong invariance whereas dimensions Hyperactivity and Cognitive problems/Inattention showed a partially strong invariance. Regarding sex, dimensions Oppositional and Hyperactivity showed a partially strong invariance whereas dimension Cognitive problems/Inattention showed a partially weak invariance. The distribution of the CPRS-R:S scores is given by sex and age class. Conclusion: The Lausanne French version of the CPRS-R:S, already validated regarding its factorial structure, internal consistency, and reliability, is here validated regarding its invariance across sex and age. Caution should be taken in using dimension Cognitive problems/Inattention in comparisons between boys and girls

First synthesis, characterization, and evidence for the presence of hydroxycinnamic acid sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in human biological fluids as a result of coffee consumption

A systematic investigation of the human metabolism of hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates was carried out. A set of 24 potential human metabolites of coffee polyphenols has been chemically prepared, and used as analytical standards for unequivocal identifications. These included glucuronide conjugates and sulfate esters of caffeic, ferulic, isoferulic, m-coumaric and p-coumaric acids as well as their dihydro derivatives. A particular focus has been made on caffeic and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid derivatives, especially the sulfate conjugates, for which regioselective preparation was particularly challenging, and have so far never been identified as human metabolites. Ten out of the 24 synthesized conjugates have been identified in human plasma and/or urine after coffee consumption. A number of these conjugates were synthesized, characterized and detected as hydroxycinnamic acid metabolites for the first time. This was the case of dihydroisoferulic acid 3'-O-glucuronide, caffeic acid 3'-sulfate, as well as the sulfate and glucuronide derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid