Discriminación de género en el mercado laboral colombiano

This document analyzes the differences in income by gender in Colombia for the year 2018 and other determinants that affect the income of the heads of households. Theoretical elements that define the wage differences are addressed, such as the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and the Miner equation, which are complemented by the theory of discrimination. Methodologically, the information reported in the statistics department DANE’s quality of life survey is used. A descriptive statistical analysis and an econometric model are carried out. On average, the female gender head of the household in Colombia earns less than her male counterparts. The most significant differences correspond to the levels of education, which can have implications in other social indicators such as poverty.El presente documento hace un análisis de las diferencias de ingresos por género en Colombia para el año 2018 junto con otros determinantes que afectan los ingresos de los jefes de hogar. Se abordan los elementos teóricos que definen las diferencias salariales tales como la descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca y la ecuación de Miner, lo que se complementa con la teoría de la discriminación. Metodológicamente se parte de la información reportada en la encuesta de calidad de vida del departamento de estadísticas DANE, se realiza un análisis estadístico descriptivo y un modelo econométrico. Se encuentra que en promedio el género femenino cabeza de hogar en Colombia devenga menos que sus pares masculinos, así como que las mayores diferencias corresponden a los niveles de educación, lo que a su vez puede tener implicaciones en términos de otros indicadores sociales como el de la pobreza

Morphostructural variability in the Pastoreña goat in different regions of the Mixteca of Mexico: A phenotypic study to establish the racial profile

In the present study, we evaluated the morphostructural variability of the Pastoreña goat (PG) in Mixteca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. This study was carried out to evaluate five qualitative ranges and thirteen morphometric characteristics of 249 animals (185 females and 64 males) from 2 to 5 years old. Descriptive statistics analysis was performed on the qualitative (QV) morphometric (MV) variables, and variance analysis and Tukey test by sex. The Pearson correlations were calculated for MV, determining the morphostructural harmonic model. The canonical discriminant analysis and analysis of principal coordinates were made for QV and principal component analysis for MV. The results of QV indicated some features in the racial profile of the PG. MV showed sexual dimorphism (p<0.05). The coefficient of variation indicated morphostructural homogeneity. The correlations in MV suggest harmonic-morphostructural and harmonic-median models for females and males, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed similarities in the sampled localities. In conclusion, the qualitative and quantitative variables demonstrated in the PG characterize as a unique goat breed in the Mixteca of Mexico and justify further conservation efforts. Highlights The Pastoreña goats have uniformity within the population of the Mixteca, Mexico. The qualitative and quantitative variables estimated in the Pastoreña Goats offer the bases for its conservation. The shepherds select the offspring of the Pastoreña goats of the white and creamy-white color.In the present study, we evaluated the morphostructural variability of the Pastoreña goat (PG) in Mixteca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. This study was carried out to evaluate five qualitative ranges and thirteen morphometric characteristics of 249 animals (185 females and 64 males) from 2 to 5 years old. Descriptive statistics analysis was performed on the qualitative (QV) morphometric (MV) variables, and variance analysis and Tukey test by sex. The Pearson correlations were calculated for MV, determining the morphostructural harmonic model. The canonical discriminant analysis and analysis of principal coordinates were made for QV and principal component analysis for MV. The results of QV indicated some features in the racial profile of the PG. MV showed sexual dimorphism (p<0.05). The coefficient of variation indicated morphostructural homogeneity. The correlations in MV suggest harmonic-morphostructural and harmonic-median models for females and males, respectively. The multivariate analysis showed similarities in the sampled localities. In conclusion, the qualitative and quantitative variables demonstrated in the PG characterize as a unique goat breed in the Mixteca of Mexico and justify further conservation efforts. Highlights The Pastoreña goats have uniformity within the population of the Mixteca, Mexico. The qualitative and quantitative variables estimated in the Pastoreña Goats offer the bases for its conservation. The shepherds select the offspring of the Pastoreña goats of the white and creamy-white color

Validation of Electroencephalographic Recordings Obtained with a Consumer-Grade, Single Dry Electrode, Low-Cost Device: A Comparative Study

The functional validity of the signal obtained with low-cost electroencephalography (EEG) devices is still under debate. Here, we have conducted an in-depth comparison of the EEG-recordings obtained with a medical-grade golden-cup electrodes ambulatory device, the SOMNOwatch + EEG-6, vs those obtained with a consumer-grade, single dry electrode low-cost device, the NeuroSky MindWave, one of the most a ordable devices currently available. We recorded EEG signals at Fp1 using the two di erent devices simultaneously on 21 participants who underwent two experimental phases: a 12-minute resting state task (alternating two cycles of closed/open eyes periods), followed by 60-minute virtual-driving task. We evaluated the EEG recording quality by comparing the similarity between the temporal data series, their spectra, their signal-to-noise ratio, the reliability of EEG measurements (comparing the closed eyes periods), as well as their blink detection rate. We found substantial agreement between signals: whereas, qualitatively, the NeuroSky MindWave presented higher levels of noise and a biphasic shape of blinks, the similarity metric indicated that signals from both recording devices were significantly correlated. While the NeuroSky MindWave was less reliable, both devices had a similar blink detection rate. Overall, the NeuroSky MindWave is noise-limited, but provides stable recordings even through long periods of time. Furthermore, its data would be of adequate quality compared to that of conventional wet electrode EEG devices, except for a potential calibration error and spectral differences at low frequencies.Spanish Department of Transportation, Madrid, Spain (Grant No. SPIP2014-1426 to L.L.D.S.)A.C. is funded by a Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant (PSI2016-80558-R to A.C.)S.R. is funded by an Andalusian Government Excellence Research grant (P11-TIC-7983)L.J.F. is funded by a Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness grant (PSI2014-53427-P) and a Fundación Séneca grant (19267/PI/14)L.L.D.S. is currently supported by the Ramón y Cajal fellowship program (RYC-2015-17483)C.D.-P. is currently supported by the CEIMAR program (CEIMAR2018-2)C.D.-P. and L.L.D.S. are supported by a Santander Bank—CEMIX UGR-MADOC grant (Project PINS 2018-15

Advancing in Schaaf-Yang syndrome pathophysiology: from bedside to subcellular analyses of truncated MAGEL2

Background Schaaf-Yang syndrome (SYS) is caused by truncating mutations in MAGEL2, mapping to the Prader-Willi region (15q11-q13), with an observed phenotype partially overlapping that of Prader-Willi syndrome. MAGEL2 plays a role in retrograde transport and protein recycling regulation. Our aim is to contribute to the characterisation of SYS pathophysiology at clinical, genetic and molecular levels. Methods We performed an extensive phenotypic and mutational revision of previously reported patients with SYS. We analysed the secretion levels of amyloid-β 1-40 peptide (Aβ1-40) and performed targeted metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles in fibroblasts of patients with SYS (n=7) compared with controls (n=11). We also transfected cell lines with vectors encoding wild- type (WT) or mutated MAGEL2 to assess stability and subcellular localisation of the truncated protein. Results Functional studies show significantly decreased levels of secreted Aβ1-40 and intracellular glutamine in SYS fibroblasts compared with WT. We also identified 132 differentially expressed genes, including non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) such as HOTAIR, and many of them related to developmental processes and mitotic mechanisms. The truncated form of MAGEL2 displayed a stability similar to the WT but it was significantly switched to the nucleus, compared with a mainly cytoplasmic distribution of the WT MAGEL2. Based on the updated knowledge, we offer guidelines for the clinical management of patients with SYS. Conclusion A truncated MAGEL2 protein is stable and localises mainly in the nucleus, where it might exert a pathogenic neomorphic effect. Aβ1-40 secretion levels and HOTAIR mRNA levels might be promising biomarkers for SYS. Our findings may improve SYS understanding and clinical management

Risk of ischaemic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction in a Spanish population: observational prospective study in a primary-care setting

BACKGROUND: Ischaemic heart disease is a global priority of health-care policy, because of its social repercussions and its impact on the health-care system. Yet there is little information on coronary morbidity in Spain and on the effect of the principal risk factors on risk of coronary heart disease. The objective of this study is to describe the epidemiology of coronary disease (incidence, mortality and its association with cardiovascular risk factors) using the information gathered by primary care practitioners on cardiovascular health of their population. METHODS: A prospective study was designed. Eight primary-care centres participated, each contributing to the constitution of the cohort with the entire population covered by the centre. A total of 6124 men and women aged over 25 years and free of cardiovascular disease agreed to participate and were thus enrolled and followed-up, with all fatal and non-fatal coronary disease episodes being registered during a 5-year period. Repeated measurements were collected on smoking, blood pressure, weight and height, serum total cholesterol, high-density and low-density lipoproteins and fasting glucose. Rates were calculated for acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic heart disease. Associations between cardiovascular risk factors and coronary disease-free survival were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. RESULTS: Mean age at recruitment was 51.6 ± 15, with 24% of patients being over 65. At baseline, 74% of patients were overweight, serum cholesterol over 240 was present in 35% of patients, arterial hypertension in 37%, and basal glucose over 126 in 11%. Thirty-four percent of men and 13% of women were current smokers. During follow-up, 155 first episodes of coronary disease were detected, which yielded age-adjusted rates of 362 and 191 per 100,000 person-years in men and women respectively. Disease-free survival was associated with all risk factors in univariate analyses. After multivariate adjustments, age, male gender, smoking, high total cholesterol, high HDL/LDL ratio, diabetes and overweight remained strongly associated with risk. Relative risks for hypertension in women and for diabetes in men did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Despite high prevalence of vascular risk factors, incidence rates were lower than those reported for other countries and other periods, but similar to those reported in the few population-based studies in Spain. Effect measures of vascular risk factors were mainly as reported worldwide and support the hypothesis that protective factors not considered in this study must exist as to explain low rates. This study shows the feasibility of conducting epidemiological cohort studies in primary-care settings

Informing research priorities for immature sea turtles through expert elicitation

Although sea turtles have received substantial focus worldwide, research on the immature life stages is still relatively limited. The latter is of particular importance, given that a large proportion of sea turtle populations comprises immature individuals. We set out to identify knowledge gaps and identify the main barriers hindering research in this field. We analyzed the perceptions of sea turtle experts through an online survey which gathered their opinions on the current state of affairs on immature sea turtle research, including species and regions in need of further study, priority research questions, and barriers that have interfered with the advancement of research. Our gap analysis indicates that studies on immature leatherback Dermochelys coriacea and hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata turtles are lacking, as are studies on all species based in the Indian, South Pacific, and South Atlantic Oceans. Experts also perceived that studies in population ecology, namely on survivorship and demography, and habitat use/behavior, are needed to advance the state of knowledge on immature sea turtles. Our survey findings indicate the need for more inter-disciplinary research, collaborative efforts (eg data-sharing, joint field activities), and improved communication among researchers, funding bodies, stakeholders, and decision-makers

Patients with acute heart failure discharged from the emergency department and classified as low risk by the MEESSI score (multiple risk estimate based on the Spanish emergency department scale): prevalence of adverse events and predictability

Objetivo. Investigar la tasa de eventos adversos en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca aguda (ICA) clasificados de bajo riesgo por la escala MEESSI y dados de alta desde urgencias, la capacidad discriminativa de dicha escala para estos eventos en dichos pacientes y las variables asociadas. Método. Se estratificó el riesgo de los pacientes del Registro EAHFE (cohortes 2-5) mediante la escala MEESSI y se analizaron los clasificados de bajo riesgo dados de alta desde urgencias. Se investigó la mortalidad por cualquier causa a 30 días (M-30d), la revisita a urgencias por ICA a 7 días (REV-7d) y la revisita a urgencias u hospitalización por ICA a 30 días (REV-H-30d). Se calculó el área bajo la curva (ABC) de la característica operativa del receptor (COR) de la escala MEESSI para estos eventos. Se analizó la relación entre 42 variables y RV-7d y RV-H-30d mediante regresión logística multivariable. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1028 pacientes. La M-30d fue 1,6% (IC 95%: 0,9-2,5), la REV-7d fue 8,0% (6,4-9,8) y la REV-H-30d fue 24,7% (22,1-25,7). El ABC ROC de la puntuación MEESSI para discriminar estos eventos adversos fue 0,69 (0,58-0,80), 0,56 (0,49-0,63) y 0,54 (0,50-0,59), respectivamente. Se asociaron con RV-7d: tratamiento diurético crónico (OR 2,45; 1,01-5,98), hemoglobina < 110 g/L (1,68; 1,02-2,75) y tratamiento diurético intravenoso en urgencias (0,53; 0,31-0,90). Se asociaron con REV-H-30d: arteriopatía periférica (1,74; 1,01-3,00), episodios previos de ICA (1,42; 1,02-1,98), tratamiento crónico con inhibidores de receptores mineralocorticoides (1,71; 1,09-2,67), índice de Barthel en urgencias < 90 puntos (1,48; 1,07-2,06) y tratamiento diurético intravenoso en urgencias (0,58; 0,40-0,84). Conclusiones. Los pacientes con ICA de bajo riesgo dados de alta desde urgencias presentan tasas de eventos adversos cercanas a los estándares recomendados internacionalmente. La escala MEESSI, diseñada para predecir M-30d, tiene escasa capacidad predictiva para REV-7d y REV-H-30d en los pacientes de bajo riesgo. Este estudio describe otros factores asociados a tales eventos

Locating Zika

The emergence of Zika virus challenged conventional ideas of mosquito-borne diseases, tested the resilience of health systems and embedded itself within local sociocultural worlds, with major implications for environmental, sexual, reproductive and paediatric health. This book explores this complex viral epidemic and situates it within its broader social, epidemiological and historical context in Latin America and the Caribbean. The chapters include a diverse set of case studies from scholars and health practitioners working across the region, from Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Mexico, Colombia, the United States and Haiti. The book explores how mosquito-borne disease epidemics (not only Zika but also chikungunya, dengue and malaria) intersect with social change and health governance. By doing so, the authors reflect on the ways in which situated knowledge and social science approaches can contribute to more effective health