La France à gauche de l'Europe

Dans l'Europe occidentale de l'après-guerre, la République française apparaît comme l'État le plus réformateur en matière économique et sociale. La France est seule à avoir tenté, et réalisé en partie, à la fois un partage du pouvoir dans l'entreprise, une appropriation des moyens de production, et une maîtrise véritable de l'économie. A l'opposé de cette politique, l'État italien n'institua pas de comités d'entreprise, ne procéda à aucune nationalisation et ne mit en place aucun instrument de planification à vocation générale. Entre les deux cas-limites, et en partant du centre-gauche pour aller au centre-droit, on rencontrait successivement l'Autriche, l'Angleterre et l'Allemagne. Bénéficiant contrairement à l'Allemagne d'un gouvernement légitime susceptible de répondre à la volonté nationale, et connaissant une vive poussée nationalisatrice à la différence des États italiens et allemands où cette aspiration se trouvait entachée du souvenir des socialisations fascistes et du dirigisme nazi, la France profita également d'une libération rapide, contrastant avec celle de la péninsule, qui lui permit d'engager une politique précoce de réformes.In postwar western Europe, the French Republic appears as the most reforming state in economic and social matters. France is the only country which initiated, and partly carried out, a sharing of power in undertakings, an appropriation of the means of production, as well as a real control upon the economy. Contrary to that policy, the Italian state did not institute joint committees, did not proceed to nationalizations, and did not put into work any instrument of general planning. Between these two borderline cases, and starting from the left-wing center to the right-wing center, one could successively meet Austria, Great Britain and Germany. Owing to a legitimate government, France had the opportunity to answer to the national will, i.e. a strong pressure in favour of nationalizations, unlike the Italian and German states where this yearning was tainted by the remembrance of the fascist socializations and the nazi control of the economy. France derived also benefit from a quick liberation, contrasting with that of the peninsula, which permitted an early entry in a reformation policy. In other respects, the Victory in England and the remembrance of the Anschluss in Austria contributed to reduce in these countries the revenge spirit which was underlying in France the reforming impulse

Är reducerad jordbearbetning ett alternativ?

Today cultivation of cereal in Sweden has high costs for establishment in relation to the rest of the world, and if this cultivation will be able to continue, the farmers have to control their costs. It is important to see all costs, not the maximum harvest achieved, but the net result. All farmers have different conditions with respect to soil, direction of the farm and were the farm is located geographically. With the right knowledge and ambitions, we think most farmers could change to reduced tillage. In this paper we have tried to find out if reduced tillage is an alternative for farmers. We have done an experimental work of establishment with winter wheat on a fallow field with different machine concepts, from traditional tillage to reduced tillage. We have studied different concepts, not different manufacture. The experiment work was done in the southwest of Östergötland with some mould content middle clay soil. The machines we have used are Väderstads Carrier, Direct Drilling, John Deere Mulch tiller, Kverneland Ecomat and Överum plow with and without ridge packer. The results in our experimental work show no significant differences in number of plants in the spring but big differences in establishment costs and some differences in occurrence of weed. Our results show: • The lowest soil preparation had Direct Drilling, 285 SEK/ha + the cost of sow drilling added. • The highest soil preparation had Överum conventional, 1310 SEK/ha + the cost of sow drilling added. • The lowest plant population had Överum conventional with 220 plants/m2. • The highest plant population had Carrier with 244 plants/m2. • The highest number of weeds had Direct Drilling. • The lowest number of weeds had Överum conventional.Spannmålsodlingen i Sverige har idag i förhållande till omvärlden höga etableringskostnader och om denna odling ska kunna fortgå så måste lantbrukarna se över sina kostnader. Det är viktigt att se helheten med sina kostnader, inte högst skörd utan nettoresultatet. Alla lantbrukare har olika förutsättningar vad det gäller jordarter, inriktning på gården och var man befinner sig geografiskt. Med rätt kunskaper och vilja tror vi att de flesta kan övergå till reducerad jordbearbetning. Vi har i detta examensarbete försökt ta reda på om reducerad jordbearbetning är ett alternativ. För att få reda på detta har vi anlagt ett försök av etablering med höstvete på träda med olika maskinkoncept, allt ifrån traditionell bearbetning till grund bearbetning och direktsådd. Vi valde att undersöka olika maskinkoncept, inte olika fabrikat. Försöket utfördes i sydvästra Östergötland på en jordart som betecknas som något mullhaltig mellanlera. De maskinkoncept vi använde oss av var Direktsådd, Väderstads Carrier, John Deeres Mulch Tiller, Kverneland Ecomat samt Överum plog med och utan tiltpackare. Vad det gäller vårt undersökningsresultat så har vi inte kommit fram till några signifikanta skillnader i plantantal på våren, men stora skillnader i etableringskostnader och till viss del skillnad i ogräsförekomst. Våra kalkyler/beräkningsresultat visar att: • Lägst jordbearbetningskostnad hade Direktsådd, 285 kr/ha + såkostnad tillkommer. • Högst jordbearbetningskostnad hade Överum konventionellt, 1310 kr/ha + såkostnad tillkommer. • Lägst plantantal hade Överum konventionellt med 220 plantor/m2. • Högst plantantal hade Carrier med 244 plantor/m2. • Högst andel ogräs hade Direktsådd. • Lägst andel ogräs hade Överum konventionellt

Extractables studies on single-use components in the manufacture of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs)

Antibody drug conjugates (ADC) is a class of biotherapeutic molecules that are rapidly growing in numbers with at least two products on the market and multiple in clinical trials. The health and safety risks of the cytotoxic drugs commonly used in ADCs are so high that it creates unique challenges for their manufacturing, specifically the containment of the coupling reactions but also subsequent removal of uncoupled drug and unwanted product variants. This type of production is a prime example for when a disposable “closed-system” approach can offer advantages. Elimination of cross-contamination between batches, avoidance of large amount of toxic waste from the cleaning process, and minimization of the exposure to operators to the toxic drugs are particularly appealing to the manufacturer of ADC’s. In ADC manufacturing processes, solvents such as DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) and DMA (dimethylacetamide) are often used. The compatibility between the process fluids and the plastic/ elastomeric materials used to fabricate single-use components is clearly critical and needs to be assessed. An approach to the assessment of chemical compatibility and the outcome of a model solvent extractables study addressing the disposable parts that are exposed to chemicals and reaction solutions will be presented

Absence of mutations of the BRAF gene in malignant melanoma of soft parts (clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses)

Malignant melanoma of soft parts (MMSP), also called clear cell sarcoma of tendons and aponeuroses, is cytogenetically characterized by the t(12;22)(q13;q12) resulting in the chimeric EWSR1/ATF1 gene. MMSP shares a number of morphologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical features with malignant melanoma of the skin, causing diagnostic difficulties in the distinction between MMSP and metastatic malignant melanoma with an unknown primary site. Recently, a high incidence of activating mutations in the kinase domain of the BRAF gene has been reported in malignant melanoma of the skin. The most common mutation (V599E) is the T1796A substitution in exon 15, leading to an exchange of valine for glutamic acid at position 599. Because of the extensive clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemic similarities with melanoma, we decided to analyze whether MMSP also has mutations in the BRAF gene. Eight MMSP with an EWSR1/ATF1 chimeric transcript, one soft tissue metastasis of a malignant melanoma of the skin, and one malignant melanoma cell line were examined. Both conventional melanomas had the exon 15 T1796A (V599E) mutation, but none of the MMSP was found to harbor any mutation in exon 11 or 15 of the BRAF gene. Our data further emphasize that MMSP and conventional malignant melanoma develop through different genetic pathways

Інноваційне управління новачками

Detta projekt har gått ut på att bygga en självbalanserande robot på två hjul som autonomt ska kunna köra 10-30 meter rakt fram, detektera en svart linje på marken och sedan stanna och fortsätta hålla balansen. Vi valde en cykelkonstruktion med en propellerbestyckad vinge för balansering. Två propellrar regleras av en PID-regulator med hjälp av signaler från en accelerometer och ett gyro. Framdriften sker med en DC-motor kopplad till framhjulet. En reflexionssensor används för detekteringen av den svarta linjen och hela framdrivningen styrs via IR-fjärrkontroll.The goal of this project was to build a self-balancing robot on two wheels that autonomously can drive 10-30 meters, detect a black line on the ground and then stop while still upholding balance. We chose a bike-like construction with a propeller-mounted wing for balancing. Two propellers are regulated by a PID-regulator aided by an accelerometer and a gyro. Propulsion is done by a DC-motor on the front wheel. A reflex sensor is used to detect the black line and the whole propulsion system is remote controlled by IR

Physician participation in quality improvement work- interest and opportunity: a cross-sectional survey

Background: Lack of physician involvement in quality improvement threatens the success and sustainability of quality improvement measures. It is therefore important to assess physicians´ interests and opportunities to be involved in quality improvement and their experiences of such participation, both in hospital and general practice. Methods: A cross-sectional postal survey was conducted on a representative sample of physicians in different job positions in Norway in 2019. Results: The response rate was 72.6% (1513 of 2085). A large proportion (85.7%) of the physicians wanted to participate in quality improvement, and 68.6% had actively done so in the last year. Physicians’ interest in quality improvement and their active participation was significantly related to the designated time for quality improvement in their work-hour schedule (p < 0.001). Only 16.7% reported time designated for quality improvement in their own work hours. When time was designated, 86.6% of the physicians reported participation in quality improvement, compared to 63.7% when time was not specially designated. Conclusions: This study shows that physicians want to participate in quality improvement, but only a few have designated time to allow continuous involvement. Physicians with designated time participate significantly more. Future quality programs should involve physicians more actively by explicitly designating their time to participate in quality improvement work. We need further studies to explore why managers do not facilitate physicians´ participation in quality improvement.publishedVersio

Kızıl serap

Burhan Cahit'in Milliyet'te tefrika edilen Kızıl Serap adlı romanıTelif hakları nedeniyle romanın tam metni verilememiştir