Sol-gel technology for ecological dyeing cellulosic of fibres

Dyeing cellulosic fibres with reactive dyes wastes great quantities of salt and water. The objective of this work is to dye cellulosic fibers using coloured nanoparticles (CNPs) as an alternative to dyeing with reactive dyes, without salt and with only a short washing-off procedure at the end of dyeing. Samples of cotton were dyed by exhaustion with CNPs at light to medium colours. Washfastness results are given. Complete Washing-off sequence after dyeing was not necessary for the red and yellow colours, only one rinsing. The blue colour needs some washing off since the fastness is lower than for the other colours even though soaping is not necessary, saving energy and time relative to dyeing with reactive dyes

Diffusion of coloured silica nanoparticles into human hair

A novel method for dyeing human hair fibres using coloured silica nanoparticles of 206 nm has been developed. Diffusion of coloured silica nanoparticles into hair fibres has been investigated; silica nanoparticles do not penetrate at all, or do so only sparingly, into the structure of Caucasian virgin hair. However, coloured silica nanoparticles diffused readily into bleached hair fibres. Scanning electron microscopy showed that coloured silica nanoparticles were present mainly in the outer regions of the hair structure (the inner layers of the cuticle and the outer region of the cortex). It was found that the silica nanoparticles were physically entrapped in the hair fibres and results showed a good shampoo fastness to washing

Tomographic evaluation of infrazygomatic crest for orthodontic anchorage in different vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns

Analysis of the anatomy of the region during preoperative planning is very important in order to minimize the risks of undesired movements in the supporting teeth or even damage to important structures such as the maxillary sinus. To the best of our knowledge, no study evaluated the relationship of these skeletal patterns with the anatomy of the infrazygomatic crest. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tomographic measurements of the infrazygomatic crest for placement of temporary anchorage devices in individuals with different vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns. The measurements were analyzed in three regions in the crest of 67 patients above the maxillary first molar: A slice in the long axis of the mesiobuccal root, a slice passing through the center of the furcation area of the tooth, and another slice in the long axis of the distobuccal root. In each of these slices five measurements of the thickness of the infrazygomatic crest were performed, with a difference of 1 mm between them. The sagittal skeletal pattern was determined by the ANB angle and the vertical skeletal pattern by the SN.GoGn angle. The bone thickness of the crest tended to decrease gradually in the apical direction. There was no difference between different vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns. The individual parameters did not have significant influence in the thickness of the infrazygomatic crest

Vertical Bone Measurements From Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images Using Different Software Packages

This article aimed at comparing the accuracy of linear measurement tools of different commercial software packages. Eight fully edentulous dry mandibles were selected for this study. Incisor, canine, premolar, first molar and second molar regions were selected. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were obtained with i-CAT Next Generation. Linear bone measurements were performed by one observer on the cross-sectional images using three different software packages: XoranCat (R), OnDemand3D (R) and KDIS3D (R), all able to assess DICOM images. In addition, 25% of the sample was reevaluated for the purpose of reproducibility. The mandibles were sectioned to obtain the gold standard for each region. Intraclass coefficients (ICC) were calculated to examine the agreement between the two periods of evaluation; the one-way analysis of variance performed with the post-hoc Dunnett test was used to compare each of the software-derived measurements with the gold standard. The ICC values were excellent for all software packages. The least difference between the software-derived measurements and the gold standard was obtained with the OnDemand3D and KDIS3D (-0.11 and -0.14 mm, respectively), and the greatest, with the XoranCAT (+0.25 mm). However, there was no statistical significant difference between the measurements obtained with the different software packages and the gold standard (p > 0.05). In conclusion, linear bone measurements were not influenced by the software package used to reconstruct the image from CBCT DICOM data.29

LISTA DAS ESPÉCIES DE PEIXES DO RIO FRUTEIRAS (BACIA DO RIO ITAPEMIRIM), ESPÍRITO SANTO, SUDESTE DO BRASIL

The Itapemirim river basin is part of the basins of southern Espírito Santo and the great Eastern coastal system and incorporates a large portion of the fish fauna of the coastal basin; 79 species are currently known in the basins of southern Espírito Santo, and there are species exclusively freshwater species and estuarine or marine species. However, there are few consolidated scientific data for Itapemirim river basin in particular. Thus, the present study aimed to collect and review the literature available on the fish fauna of the Itapemirim river basin, especially its tributary, the Fruteira river. Primary data on the species were collected at six sampling stations. Qualitative and quantitative data collection methodologies were used in each sampling area to survey the species. The data were compared with other studies on the basin. During the sampling period, 25 species were captured in areas of the Fruteiras Small Hydroelectric Power Plant; 11 of them are known to science, although they are not mentioned in the other research papers on the Itapemirim river basin. The records of other species for the Itapemirim river, considering ecologically relevant native species and introduced species, show the importance of the Fruteiras river as a migration route and a conservation site in the Itapemirim river basin. This reinforces the importance of maintaining conservation programs for this basin.Keywords: Fishes, Espírito Santo, Hydroeletric, Ichthyofauna.A bacia do rio Itapemirim faz parte das bacias do Sul do Espírito Santo e do grande sistema costeiro do Leste e incorpora uma grande parcela da ictiofauna da bacia costeira, atualmente são conhecidas 79 espécies para as bacias do Sul do Espírito Santo, destaca-se a presença de espécies exclusivamente de água doce e estuarinas ou marinhas. Porém ainda existem poucos dados científicos consolidados exclusivamente para a bacia do rio Itapemirim. Nesse sentido o presente trabalho teve por objetivo inventariar e realizar o levantamento bibliográfico da ictiofauna da bacia do rio Itapemirim, em especial o seu afluente, o rio Fruteiras. Para o levantamento das espécies, foram utilizados dados primários obtidos em seis estações amostrais, onde para cada área de amostragem adotou-se metodologias qualitativas e quantitativas de coletas. Os dados foram comparados com outros estudos da bacia. Durante o período de amostragem foram capturadas nas áreas da Pequena Central Hidrelétrica Fruteiras 25 espécies, dessas 11 são conhecidas para a ciência, entretanto não citadas nos demais artigos da bacia do rio Itapemirim. Os registros de outras espécies para rio Itapemirim, entre espécies nativas de importância ecológica e espécies introduzidas, demonstra a importância do rio Fruteiras como importante rota migratória e rio de conservação na bacia do rio Itapemirim, reforçando a importância da manutenção de programas de conservação para esta bacia.Palavras-chave: Peixes, Espírito Santo, Hidrelétrica, Ictiofauna

Morfometria das células de leydigem catetos (Tayassu tajacu)

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa determinar o volume total e individual das células de Leydig, o índice leydigossomático e o número de células de Leydig por testículo e por grama de testículo em catetos. Utilizaram-se testículos de 10 catetos sexualmente maturos, destinados ao abate comercial. O volume total e individual das células de Leydig foi 2,02ml e 1202,74 x 10-12ml, respectivamente. O núcleo e o citoplasma ocuparam, respectivamente, 12,3% e 87,7% de cada célula de Leydig. O índice leydigossomático foi de 0,022%, enquanto que o número de células de Leydig por testículo e por grama de testículo foi, respectivamente, 1,7 bilhões e 92,12 milhões de células. Concluiu-se que os parâmetros morfométrios estudados para as células de Leydig de catetos estão inseridos na média relatada para a maioria das espécies de mamíferos.This work aimed to determine total and individual volume of Leydig cells, leydigosomatic index and the number of Leydig cells per testis and per gram of testis in the collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu). Testes were collected from sexually mature collared peccaries, destined for commercial slaughter. Total and individual volumes of Leydig cells were 2.02 ml and 1,202.74 x 10-12 ml, respectively. The leydigosomatic index was 0.022%, and the number of Leydig cell per testis and per gram of testis was 1.7 billion and 92.12 million, respectively. These results show that morphometric characteristics of Leydig cells in collared peccaries are similar to average results observed for most of the mammalian species studied

El uso del análisis fractal en imaginología odontológica

El análisis fractal (AF) es un método matemático por el cual las estructuras biológicas irregulares y complejas pueden ser evaluadas. El resultado cuantitativo de este método es definido como la dimensión fractal (DF). Fractal es derivado del latín “fractus”, que significa “fracturado” o “quebrado”. El método fractal es diferente de la geometría convencional y puede ser utilizado para evaluar las formas semejantes en varias escalas. En Odontología, el principal objetivo de los métodos de AF consiste en la evaluación del patrón óseo de los maxilares y de la morfología de la arquitectura trabecular por medio de exámenes de imagen, esta herramienta cuantitativa permite al radiólogo predecir la calidad del tejido óseo, es decir, la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) en determinada región de interés 1,2

População infantil com deficiência visual: estudo de 385 casos

OBJECTIVE: To analyze data on the pediatric population attending the Ophthalmologic Clinic's Low Vision Service at the São Paulo University Medical School. METHODS: Low vision ophthalmologic assessment, from April 1998 to December 2003, of 385 children and adolescents with mean age of 7 years; 51.7% males and 48.3% females. The main data analyzed were age, diagnosis, anatomic site of the ocular injury, visual acuity, and prescription of optical aids. RESULTS: 45.4% were below 6 years, and 54.6% were between 6 and 16 years. 35.5% experienced moderate visual impairment, 26% had severe visual impairment, 8.6% had profound visual impairment, 10.6% were near blind, and 1.6% were blind. The main causes of visual impairment included congenital glaucoma (30.6%), macular retinochoroiditis due to congenital toxoplasmosis (16.7%), congenital cataract (12.8%), retinal and macular inherited disorders (11.7%), and optic atrophy (9.8%). Among school-age children, 52.9% received a prescription of optical aids. The most widely used optical aids for distance were 2.8 X 26 (34.4%); 4.2 X 12 (30.3%); and 6 X 17 (26.8%) telescopic systems. The most frequently prescribed optical aid for near vision was the 2x magnifying bar (33.3%). CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for prevention of primary (congenital infections), secondary (congenital glaucoma and retinopathy of prematurity), and tertiary (congenital cataract) visual impairment. The prescription of optical aids for school-age children will help them perform better at school and contribute to their social inclusion.OBJETIVO: Analisar as características da população infantil atendida no Serviço de Visão Subnormal da Clínica Oftalmológica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Avaliação oftalmológica de 385 crianças e adolescentes, de abril de 1998 a dezembro de 2003, com idade média de 7 anos; 51,7% do sexo masculino e 48,3% do sexo feminino. Idade, diagnóstico oftalmológico, localização anatômica da lesão ocular, acuidade visual e auxílios ópticos adaptados foram observados. RESULTADOS: 45,4% tinham idade inferior a 6 anos e 54,6% tinham entre 6 e 16 anos de idade. 35,5% apresentavam baixa visão moderada, 26% baixa visão grave, 8,6% baixa visão profunda, 10,6% quase cegueira e 1,6% cegueira. As principais causas da deficiência visual foram: glaucoma congênito (30,6%), retinocoroidite macular por toxoplasmose congênita (16,7%), catarata congênita (12,8%), doenças hereditárias da retina e mácula (11,7%) e atrofia óptica (9,8%). Na população de crianças em idade escolar, 52,9% tiveram auxílios ópticos adaptados. Os auxílios ópticos para longe mais utilizados foram os sistemas telescópicos de 2,8X 26 (34,4%), de 4,2 X 12 (30,3%) e de 6 X 17 (26,8%). O auxílio óptico para perto mais adaptado foi a barra de ampliação de 2 X de aumento (33,3%). CONCLUSÕES: Necessidade de prevenção primária (infecções congênitas), prevenção secundária (glaucoma congênito e retinopatia da prematuridade) e prevenção terciária (catarata congênita). A adaptação de auxílios ópticos nas crianças em idade escolar irá colaborar para o seu maior desempenho escolar e sua inclusão social

As constituições latino-americanas pelas lentes das cortes constitucionais. A força normativa e o romantismo dos preâmbulos

O artigo explora os preâmbulos das constituições latino-americanas. Verifica a natureza retórica e discursiva desses textos e, ao mesmo tempo, indaga se as Cortes Constitucionais latino-americanas enfrentaram o problema da normatividade desses excertos introdutórios. Percebe-se um forte romantismo constitucional na construção de vários preâmbulos, marcados por discursos históricos e nacionalistas, ainda que de matizes ideológicas distintas. Constata que há manifestações incidentais em âmbito de obiter dicta, bem como decisões pontuais proferidas na Colômbia e no Brasil. Pretende-se desvendar se a natureza jurídica dos preâmbulos no contexto latino-americano é normativa ou declarativa, com preocupação com o fato de que apenas duas das Cortes Constitucionais latino-americanas enfrentaram diretamente a questão. Constata-se também que em poucos países da América Latina as respectivas Cortes Constitucionais acenaram com o potencial de seus preâmbulos possuírem força normativa. Especula-se também se o elemento religioso, revelado pela recorrente referência ou invocação a Deus, poderia decorrer da atitude de diversas Cortes Constitucionais não atribuírem força normativa aos preâmbulos de suas constituições

PROVA AUTOMATIZADA DE TEOREMA EM LÓGICA PROPOSICIONAL

Este trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento de um sistema para prova automatizada de teoremas em lógica proposicional. O artigo apresenta os fundamentos teóricos gerais, questões operacionais e a estrutura de um software de prova de teoremas, elaborado com propósitos acadêmicos e didáticos, utilizando métodos de prova baseados em três tipos de tableaux semânticos: tableau de Smullyan, tableau com Lema e tableau KE. Experimentos foram realizados para verificar a correção dos resultados das provas, utilizando fórmulas geradas automaticamente.AbstractThis work describes the development of an automated theorem proving system of propositional logic. The paper presents the theoretical foundations, operational issues and structure of a theorem proving software, developed with academic and didactic purposes, using proof methods based on three semantics tableaux: Smullyan tableau, Lema tableau e KE tableau. Experiments were performed to verify the correctness of the results of the proofs, using automatically generating formulas