703 research outputs found

    Klimabedingte Wachstumsreaktionen und Baumgrenzverlagerungen borealer Koniferen im alpinen und polaren Baumgrenzökoton Finnisch-Lapplands

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    At the northern margins of the boreal regions bordering the sub-Arctic, trees as a life form grow close to the limit of their ecological range and have to cope with low temperatures, low nutrient supply, and sparse light conditions during winter. The growing season lasts less than five months during which trees need to pass through all vegetative and reproductive stages. In the transition zone from closed forests to bare fell tops and open tundra, conifers form the outermost edge of their distribution area in the tree-line ecotone, which is characterized by harsh climatic conditions and disturbance regimes, challenging tree growth by frost, wind and snow load. The mortality rate is high and sequences of several favourable years are needed to grow and successfully establish sustainably high seed crops for natural regeneration. Here, temperature is found to be the limiting parameter for growth and regeneration, hence a temperature rise under current warming is expected to considerably improve the growing conditions for conifers (Kauppi et al. 2014; Salminen and Jalkanen 2015). Under mild winters, early springs and increasing summer temperatures, trees and shrubs are predicted to establish more successfully, regionally replacing graminoids in the alpine oroarctic tundra by higher vegetation (Juntunen et al. 2002; Jia et al. 2003; Goetz et al. 2011; Jeong et al. 2012; Walker et al. 2012; Pearson et al. 2013; Aakala et al. 2014). An expansion of conifers beyond the recent tree-line position may affect the microclimate and carbon fluxes of the ecosystem, potentially influencing large-scale circulation changes in Arctic regions (Jeong et al. 2012; Miller and Smith 2012; Pearson et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2013). Estimating vegetation shifts in these regions is consequently of high scientific interest and is also in the focus of the present project. In Finnish Lapland, a monitoring project was established already in 1983 to monitor regeneration and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) regularly in five-year intervals along elevation gradients aligned along a North-South transect. Thereby, changes in the regeneration success, mortality and volume of growing stock of conifers in a changing environment were to be detected. The analysis was, however, restricted on the local plots and time frames, lacking a continuous and large-scale analysis of tree-line changes. The aim of the present study was therefore to supplement the monitoring study by dendroecological sampling and remote sensing. In a first step, the outcomes of the monitoring project during 1983–2009 were analysed and published in cooperation with the Natural Resources Institute Finland Luke (publication I). Afterwards, a dendroecological sampling was performed on six of the pine-dominated sites to measure growth rates and to create long-term site chronologies. Climate-growth responses of pine was analysed by computing Pearson correlation functions with relevant climatic parameters. Thereby, inter-annual growth variations and long-term growth trends were analysed and compared between mature and juvenile trees and between a northern and southern region (publication II). Finally, satellite images were acquired for the pine-dominated sites and analysed for large-scale vegetation changes around the monitoring sites (publication III). This was done by using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and a land cover classification using Random Forests. The monitoring study indicated increasing volumes of growing stock for both spruce- and pine-dominated stands in all of the studied sites and elevation zones. An increase in height and diameter of adult trees (> 2 m) was assumed to exceed the mortality rate, leading towards a densification of the established forest stands. The number of tree stems, saplings and seedlings increased also in nearly all spruce-dominated sites, predominantly in the open stands of higher elevations. The stem numbers of pine stagnated or even decreased in all locations and elevation zones, pointing towards a high mortality rate and high sensitivity of pine seedlings to abiotic and biotic disturbances. The dendroecological analysis revealed that stand structure and thermal conditions during the growing season affect pine-tree growth, especially during juvenile ages. Radial growth rates correlated highly negative with the occurrence of cold and frost days during the onset of the growing season predominantly in the north of the study region, while the impact of temperature diminished at the more rapidly warming southern sites. The site chronologies showed growth responses to climatic variations until the 1980s, but not during the current warming period. Increasing radial growth trends could be detected since 2000 in the juvenile trees of the southern sites, while the mature and northern trees did not respond significantly to the current warming. We assume that warmer and wetter conditions during winter, inducing high snow loads, wind damages, diseases and frost damage during spring, to possibly counteract the benefits of climate warming. The applied remote sensing approaches included NDVI change detection and land-cover classification. However, neither method revealed clear trends for advancing conifer tree lines towards open fell tops or treeless heath vegetation. Instead, we found evidence for densification of open forest stands at lower elevations and an expansion of deciduous vegetation at higher elevations into previously vegetation-free or sparsely covered fell tops. Increasing stand density was detected mostly in the southern, pine-dominated sites, while the northern sites indicated greening trends near the fell tops. Based on the evidence provided by the different applied approaches, we conclude that the pine forests first increase volume and seed production, before pine seedlings eventually may invade into the tundra. Under the current climatic conditions for pine, with low survival rates beyond the tree line, a high amount of seeds would be necessary to increase the survival rate of seedlings in open sites. However, we found climate warming and prolongation of the growing season predominantly in the southern regions, where forest densification and production of new seed trees might on long sight enable coniferous forests to expand towards open sites. In the north, warming rates are small, expanding the growing season for only a few days towards an earlier onset of spring. Here, the environmental conditions are still harsh enough to mask the benefits of climate warming and so far only promote the expansion of shrubs and mountain birch forests towards the open tundra. When climate warming continues also here, it is possible that pine seeds will survive sheltered in the forest-line zone before passing the critical stage of sapling size to gradually replace the deciduous vegetation.Die subpolare Zone der NordhemisphĂ€re bildet den Übergang vom borealen Nadelwald zur offenen Tundra und reprĂ€sentiert in der polaren und alpinen Baumgrenze die nördlichsten und höchstgelegenen Vorkommen baumförmiger Vegetation. GanzjĂ€hrig niedrige Temperaturen, ein geringes Licht- und NĂ€hrstoffangebot sowie eine kurze Vegetationsperiode erfordern eine hohe Adaption der Vegetation an widrige klimatische Bedingungen. Die Hauptbaumarten der Borealis sind in der Lage, lange KĂ€lteperioden zu ĂŒberdauern und sich wĂ€hrend anhaltender klimatischer Gunstphasen zu reproduzieren. In diesem Rahmen sind die LĂ€nge der Vegetationsperiode sowie die AusprĂ€gung der Juli-Temperatur fĂŒr Zuwachs und Reproduktion ausschlaggebend, die sich bereits bei geringen TemperaturĂ€nderungen stark verĂ€ndern können (Kauppi et al. 2014; Salminen and Jalkanen 2015). Der Fund subfossiler Kiefern nördlich und oberhalb der Baumgrenze weist auf ein ehemals grĂ¶ĂŸeres Verbreitungsgebiet borealer Gehölzvegetation und damit eine klimasensitive Reaktion der Koniferen hin. Milde Winter, verlĂ€ngerte Vegetationsperioden und ganzjĂ€hrig höhere Temperaturen erschaffen ökosystemare Bedingungen, wie sie sonst in niedrigeren Breiten- und Höhenlagen gefunden werden. Im derzeitigen Klimaoptimum wird daher eine Ausweitung der NadelwaldbestĂ€nde, insbesondere fĂŒr das polare und alpine Baumgrenzökoton prognostiziert (Juntunen et al. 2002; Jia et al. 2003; Goetz et al. 2011; Jeong et al. 2012; Walker et al. 2012; Pearson et al. 2013; Aakala et al. 2014). Bisherige Forschungsergebnisse weisen bereits auf eine erhöhte Biomasseproduktion zuvor spĂ€rlich bewachsener Tundraareale hin, die jedoch als art- und standortspezifisch eingestuft werden. Externe StörgrĂ¶ĂŸen, wie Wind- und Schneebruch, SchĂ€dlingsbefall sowie Rentierbeweidung limitieren den VerjĂŒngungserfolg hĂ€ufig und erschweren die Prognostizierung borealer Waldgrenzentwicklung (Juntunen und Neuvonen 2006; Heikkinen et al. 2002). Zudem kann aufgrund der großen Ausdehnung des borealen NadelwaldgĂŒrtels bei Einzelstudien hĂ€ufig nur auf die lokalen Bedingungen geschlossen werden, was einen rĂ€umlichen Vergleich erschwert. Ziel des Projektes ist es daher, anhand verschiedener Methoden Wachstum und Ausbreitung ausgewĂ€hlter Nadelbaumarten im Untersuchungsraum Finnisch-Lappland zu betrachten, um Aussagen zum Wachstumsverhalten auf mehreren zeitlichen und rĂ€umlichen Ebenen treffen zu können. In Finnisch-Lappland wurden bereits im Jahr 1983 MonitoringflĂ€chen zur Erfassung des Bestandsvolumen und der VerjĂŒngungsrate von Waldkiefer (Pinus sylvestris L.) und Fichte (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.) errichtet. Im Abstand von fĂŒnf Jahren wurden beide Parameter entlang eines Nord-SĂŒd-Transekts auf insgesamt dreizehn Standorten an Höhengradienten von der Waldzone bis zur Baumgrenzzone erfasst und auf standortspezifische Trends hin untersucht. Im ersten Teil des Dissertationsprojekts wurden die Ergebnisse des Bestandsmonitorings von 1983 bis 2009 ausgewertet und zusammen mit dem Natural Resources Institute Finland Luke publiziert (Publikation I). Sechs Kiefernstandorte des Monitorings wurden anschließend dendroökologisch analysiert und auf jĂ€hrliche ZuwachsĂ€nderungen, Klimakorrelationen sowie langzeitliche Wachstumstrends untersucht. Vorteil der dendroökologischen Untersuchungen waren die jĂ€hrliche Auflösung des Jahrringbreitenzuwachses sowie die zeitliche Abdeckung der Analysen bis zum Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts. Das Radialwachstum wurde auf Unterschiede zwischen jungen und alten BĂ€umen sowie zwischen nördlichen und sĂŒdlichen Standorten hin untersucht (Publikation II). Satellitenaufnahmen der Kiefernstandorte ermöglichten eine großrĂ€umige Analyse der Untersuchungsgebiete außerhalb der Monitoringplots (Publikation III). Anhand des Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) und einer Random Forest-OberflĂ€chenklassifizierung wurden VerĂ€nderungen in Art und Bedeckungsgrad der Vegetation bewertet. Das Bestandsmonitoring ergab einen signifikanten Zuwachs im Bestandsvolumen fĂŒr beide Baumarten an allen Standorten. Dies lĂ€sst vermuten, dass der Zuwachs und Anteil gesunder adulter BĂ€ume (> 2 m Höhe) die MortalitĂ€tsrate ĂŒbersteigt und die Ausweitung des Bestandsvolumens durch die derzeitigen klimatischen Bedingungen begĂŒnstigt wird. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigte die Individuenzahl ein art- und standortspezifisches Bild. Die Individuenzahlen der SĂ€mlinge, junger und adulter BĂ€ume stieg auf fichtendominierten Standorten kontinuierlich an, insbesondere in den offeneren WaldbestĂ€nden der oberen Höhenstufen. Bei der Kiefer konnten hingegen nur stagnierende oder sinkende Individuenzahlen festgestellt werden, die auf eine hohe MortalitĂ€tsrate junger Kiefern zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren sind. Die Kiefer zeigte damit eine hohe SensibilitĂ€t gegenĂŒber externen Störungen im SĂ€mlingsstadium an. In der dendroökologischen Analyse wurden die Bestandsstruktur und thermische Bedingungen wĂ€hrend der Vegetationsperiode als limitierende Faktoren ermittelt. Das Radialwachstum korrelierte insbesondere an den nördlichen Standorten des Untersuchungsgebietes negativ mit der Zahl kalter und frostiger Tage wĂ€hrend der einsetzenden Vegetationsperiode im FrĂŒhjahr. Die Korrelation mit der Temperatur nahm hingegen an den wĂ€rmeren SĂŒdstandorten im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte ab. Die Standortchronologien bezeugten eine hohe SensitivitĂ€t des Radialwachstums fĂŒr die Temperatur bis in die 1980er Jahre, die jedoch ĂŒberraschenderweise wĂ€hrend der derzeitigen Warmphase abnahm. Lediglich Kiefern jĂŒngeren Alters zeigten eine signifikant positive WachstumsĂ€nderung auf den SĂŒdstandorten, wĂ€hrend eine vergleichbare Wachstumsreaktion bei adulten BĂ€umen und auf den Nordstandorten ausblieb. In Hinblick auf die in Teil II prĂ€sentierten Ergebnisse wird von einer Überlagerung des klimatischen Signals durch externe StörgrĂ¶ĂŸen ausgegangen. Milde und nasse Winter gehen mit erhöhter Schneelast, Kronenbruch und FrostschĂ€den wĂ€hrend des FrĂŒhjahrs sowie der Ausbreitung von Pilzinfektionen einher und könnten einen klimabedingten Wachstumszuwachs ĂŒberdeckt haben. Die Satellitenbildfernerkundung konnte keine Ausweitung der NadelwaldbestĂ€nde feststellen. Der NDVI belegte eine Vegetationszunahme auf bereits begrĂŒnten FlĂ€chen, insbesondere ursprĂŒnglich lichter NadelwaldbestĂ€nde im SĂŒden und offener Fjellkuppen im Norden. Der Anstieg des NDVIs ĂŒber NadelwaldbestĂ€nden kann auf eine Zunahme der VitalitĂ€t und/oder Biomasse zurĂŒckgefĂŒhrt werden und deckt sich mit einer durch das Monitoring festgestellten Zunahme des Bestandsvolumens. Eine Verschiebung der Baumgrenze nach Norden oder in höhere Höhenstufen konnte nicht beobachtet werden. Eine BegrĂŒnung der offenen Fjellkuppen wurde in Hinblick auf die Spektraldaten auf eine Ausweitung der BirkenwaldbestĂ€nde und Strauchvegetation zurĂŒckgefĂŒhrt, nicht aber auf den Vorstoß der Koniferen in die offene Tundra. Das Gesamtbild, das sich aus den Ergebnissen aller Teilstudien ergibt, beschreibt eine eher verhaltene Reaktion der Kiefer auf die regionale KlimaerwĂ€rmung. Die Fichte verzeichnet sowohl im Bestandsvolumen als auch hinsichtlich der VerjĂŒngung eine positive Entwicklung und lĂ€sst eine Ausweitung der FichtenwaldbestĂ€nde in Finnisch-Lappland erwarten. Diese Annahmen sind jedoch ausschließlich auf die Ergebnisse einer einzelnen Untersuchungsmethode begrĂŒndet. Der VerjĂŒngungs- und Wachstumserfolg der Kiefer ist hingegen stark Standort- und StörungsabhĂ€ngig, wie sowohl das Monitoring, die dendroökologische Analyse als auch die Satellitenbildauswertung erkennen lassen. Hier konnte bisher noch keine eindeutige Tendenz der Kiefernwaldentwicklung aus den Ergebnissen abgeleitet werden. Die Resultate der Studie belegen eine Verdichtung der KiefernbestĂ€nde, die nachfolgend adulte, vitale SamenbĂ€ume aus dem bislang noch recht jungen Baumgrenzökoton hervorbringen kann. Eine zeitverzögerte Baumgrenzverschiebung durch natĂŒrlich VerjĂŒngung kann daher angenommen werden, sobald eine Verbesserung der klimatischen Bedingungen und eine Abnahme der externen Störungen eintritt und die MortalitĂ€tsrate junger Kiefern verringert

    Negotiating Religion in Museums

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    The research network REDIM examines the interactions and relationships of religious things in collections, exhibitions and museums. Our research focuses on the shifting function and meaning of religious things, through the twin processes of decontextualisation and recontextualisation in the museum setting. By using the term religious ‘things’, we follow a broad understanding of Houtman and Meyer, who see facets of material religion not only in images and objects, but also in bodies, spaces and technologies.1 This approach is based on an understanding of religion, in which material testimonies are part of communication systems through which religious meanings and communities are constituted, instead of reducing them solely to carriers of information and supplements to written sources

    Gating the charge state of a single molecule by local electric fields

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    The electron acceptor molecule TCNQ is found in either of two distinct integer charge states when embedded into a monolayer of a charge transfer-complex on a gold surface. Scanning tun- neling spectroscopy measurements identify these states through the presence/absence of a zero-bias Kondo resonance. Increasing the (tip-induced) electric field allows us to reversibly induce the ox- idation/reduction of TCNQ species from their anionic or neutral ground state, respectively. We show that the different ground states arise from slight variations in the underlying surface potential, pictured here as the gate of a three-terminal device.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

    Berufswahl zwischen Selbstverwirklichung und Sicherheit : ĂŒber das LebensgefĂŒhl einer jungen Generation

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    Die Möglichkeit zur Selbstverwirklichung ist einer der wesentlichen Forderungen der Angehörigen der Generation Y an die Berufswahl, die im Alter zwischen 15-30 Jahre vor dem Eintritt in die Ausbildungs- und Berufswelt stehen. Trotz zahlreicher Studien, blieb die Lebenssituation der Jugendlichen oft unberĂŒcksichtigt. Die heutige Zeit ist geprĂ€gt von einer instabilen und sich stetig verĂ€ndernden Lebens- und Arbeitswelt. Laut einer qualitativen Untersuchung von GrĂŒnewald (2011) antworten die Jugendlichen auf diese instabilen VerhĂ€ltnissen mit einem erhöhten BedĂŒrfnis nach Sicherheit. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die unterschiedlichen Beobachtungen hinsichtlich der Berufs- und Studienwahl zu ĂŒberprĂŒfen. Dazu wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Rolle das BedĂŒrfnis nach beruflicher Sicherheit und der Selbstverwirklichung hinsichtlich der Berufs- und Studienentscheidung einnimmt

    Structure and reactivity of [RuII(terpy)(N^N)Cl]Cl complexes: consequences for biological applications

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    The crystal structures of [RuII(terpy)(bipy)Cl]Cl·2H2O and [RuII(terpy)(en)Cl]Cl·3H2O, where terpy = 2,2â€Č:6â€Č,2â€Čâ€Č-terpyridine, bipy = 2,2â€Č-bipyridine and en = ethylenediamine, were determined and compared to the structure of the complexes in solution obtained by multi-nuclear NMR spectroscopy in DMSOd-6 as a solvent. In aqueous solution, both chlorido complexes aquate fully to the corresponding aqua complexes, viz. [RuII(terpy)(bipy)(H2O)]2+ and [RuII(terpy)(en)(H2O)]2+, within ca. 2 h and ca. 2 min at 37 °C, respectively. The spontaneous aquation reactions can only be suppressed by chloride concentrations as high as 2 to 4 M, i.e. concentrations much higher than that found in human blood. The corresponding aqua complexes are characterized by pKa values of ca. 10 and 11, respectively, which suggest a more labile coordinated water molecule in the case of the [RuII(terpy)(en)(H2O)]2+ complex. Substitution reactions of the aqua complexes with chloride, cyanide and thiourea show that the [RuII(terpy)(en)(H2O)]2+ complex is 30-60 times more labile than the [RuII(terpy)(bipy)(H2O)]2+ complex at 25 °C. Water exchange reactions for both complexes were studied by 17O-NMR and DFT calculations (B3LYP(CPCM)/def2tzvp//B3LYP/def2svp and ωB97XD(CPCM)/def2tzvp//B3LYP/def2svp). Thermal and pressure activation parameters for the water exchange and ligand substitution reactions support the operation of an associative interchange (Ia) process. The difference in reactivity between these complexes can be accounted for in terms of π-back bonding effects of the terpy and bipy ligands and steric hindrance on the bipy complex. Consequences for eventual biological application of the chlorido complexes are discussed

    Study protocol: Efficacy of oral alitretinoin versus oral cyclosporine A in patients with severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema (ALICsA)::A randomised prospective open-label trial with blinded outcome assessment

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    INTRODUCTION: Systemic treatment with alitretinoin is registered for all clinical types of severe chronic hand eczema. However, it is especially effective in the hyperkeratotic subtype and less effective in non-hyperkeratotic forms. Cyclosporine A (cyclosporine) is prescribed for hand eczema in daily practice as well. It has shown to be particularly effective in patients with vesicular hand eczema. The primary objective of this study is to compare efficacy of alitretinoin and cyclosporine in the treatment of severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is an investigator-initiated randomised prospective open-label trial with blinded outcome assessment. Severity assessments and laboratory measurements will be conducted corresponding to daily practice. The study population will consist of 72 adult patients (age 18-75 years) with severe recurrent vesicular hand eczema. Patients are treated with either (group I) alitretinoin 30 mg once daily or (group II) cyclosporine with a starting dose of 5 mg/kg/day and a decrease in dosage after 8 weeks to 3-3.5 mg/kg/day. The treatment period is 24 weeks for both drugs. Primary endpoint for efficacy is response to treatment, defined as an improvement of ≄2 steps on a Physician Global Assessment, using a validated Photoguide, after 24 weeks of treatment. Secondary endpoints are improvement of Hand Eczema Severity Index, Quality of Life in Hand Eczema Questionnaire and a Patient Global Assessment. Adverse events and time to response will be registered. Furthermore, cost-utility, quality-adjusted life years and cost-effectiveness will be assessed with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire while monitoring costs. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This protocol was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethical Review Board of the University Medical Centre Groningen (reference METc 2015/375). The study will be conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, in accordance with the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03026946; Pre-results

    Cortisol excess in patients with primary aldosteronism impacts on left ventricular hypertrophy

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    Context Primary aldosteronism (PA) represents the most frequent form of endocrine hypertension. Hyperaldosteronism and hypercortisolism both induce excessive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) compared to matched essential hypertensives. In recent studies frequent co-secretion of cortisol and aldosterone has been reported in PA patients. Objective Our aim was to investigate the impact of cortisol co-secretion on left ventricular hypertrophy in PA patients. We determined 24-h excretion of mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assessed cardiac remodeling using echocardiography initially and one year after initiation of treatment for PA. Patients We included 73 patients from the Munich center of the German Conn's registry; 45 with unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma and 28 with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Results At the time of diagnosis, 85% of PA patients showed left ventricular hypertrophy according to left ventricular mass index (LVMI, median 62.4 g/m2.). LVMI correlated positively with total glucocorticoid excretion (r2=0.076, p=0.018) as well as with tetrahydroaldosterone excretion (r2=0.070, p=0.024). Adrenalectomy led to significantly reduced LVMI in aldosterone-producing adenoma (p<0.001) while mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy in bilateral adrenal hyperplasia patients reduced LVMI to a lesser degree (p=0.024). In multivariate analysis, the decrease in LVMI was positively correlated with total glucocorticoid excretion and systolic 24-hour blood pressure, but not with tetrahydroaldosterone excretion. Conclusion Cortisol excess appears to have an additional impact on cardiac remodeling in patients with PA. Treatment of PA by either adrenalectomy or mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist improves LVMI. This effect was most pronounced in patients with high total glucocorticoid excretion

    Novel Schizophrenia Risk Gene TCF4 Influences Verbal Learning and Memory Functioning in Schizophrenia Patients

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    Background: Recently, a role of the transcription factor 4 (TCF4) gene in schizophrenia has been reported in a large genome-wide association study. It has been hypothesized that TCF4 affects normal brain development and TCF4 has been related to different forms of neurodevelopmental disorders. Schizophrenia patients exhibit strong impairments of verbal declarative memory (VDM) functions. Thus, we hypothesized that the disease-associated C allele of the rs9960767 polymorphism of the TCF4 gene led to impaired VDM functioning in schizophrenia patients. Method: The TCF4 variant was genotyped in 401 schizophrenia patients. VDM functioning was measured using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). Results: Carriers of the C allele were less impaired in recognition compared to those carrying the AA genotype (13.76 vs. 13.06; p = 0.049). Moreover, a trend toward higher scores in patients with the risk allele was found for delayed recall (10.24 vs. 9.41; p = 0.088). The TCF4 genotype did not influence intelligence or RAVLT immediate recall or total verbal learning. Conclusion: VDM function is influenced by the TCF4 gene in schizophrenia patients. However, the elevated risk for schizophrenia is not conferred by TCF4-mediated VDM impairment. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Base

    Investigating Cellular Structures at the Nanoscale with Organic Fluorophores

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    Super-resolution fluorescence imaging can provide insights into cellular structure and organization with a spatial resolution approaching virtually electron microscopy. Among all the different super-resolution methods single-molecule-based localization microscopy could play an exceptional role in the future because it can provide quantitative information, for example, the absolute number of biomolecules interacting in space and time. Here, small organic fluorophores are a decisive factor because they exhibit high fluorescence quantum yields and photostabilities, thus enabling their localization with nanometer precision. Besides past progress, problems with high-density and specific labeling, especially in living cells, and the lack of suited standards and long-term continuous imaging methods with minimal photodamage render the exploitation of the full potential of the method currently challenging
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