Análise e controle da extrafiscalidade na resolução GECEX no 126/2020 diante do julgamento liminar da ADPF no 772/DF no STF

O presente trabalho tem como proposta a análise da norma extrafiscal, seus limites e controles constitucionais. Busca-se, como objeto, o exame da Resolução GECEX no 126/2020, que alterou as alíquotas do imposto de importação de revólveres e pistolas, sua finalidade e sua validade. Verificando a sua atuação como instrumento de intervenção na ordem econômica, que não tem por função a mera arrecadação, mas visando induzir comportamentos, estimulando a importação de armas. Procurando compreender esse fenômeno normativo, parte-se para a exploração conceitual e estrutural da norma jurídica com o propósito de entender a dinâmica da norma tributária em sua finalidade extrafiscal. Identificada a norma extrafiscal, deverá submetê-la aos limites propostos pela Constituição Federal de 1988, previstos na seção da Ordem Econômica e Financeira, e seguidamente do Limites ao Poder de Tributar. Percorrendo caminhos hastados pela doutrina, estes limites constitucionais, são parâmetros sob os quais norma indutora extraída da Resolução será analisada. Perfazendo através das regras e princípios constitucionais seus principais critérios de validação. Por fim, a pesquisa tratará do controle judicial das normas tributárias extrafiscais. Será considerado como paradigma a decisão liminar que suspendeu a Resolução investigada neste trabalho, através julgamento cautelar da ADPF n.o 772/DF, que tramita no STF. Escrutinará a suspensão judicial frente aos questionamentos de ingerência no Poder Executivo, que mediante ato administrativo alterou as alíquotas da importação dos produtos bélicos, por atribuição constitucional. Nessa perspectiva suscitará a possibilidade violação aos princípios da separação dos poderes e do Estado de Direito

Evidence for an arginine-dependent route for the synthesis of NO in the model filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans

Nitric oxide (NO) is a signalling molecule in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. NO levels transiently boost upon induction of conidiation in Aspergillus nidulans. Only one pathway for NO synthesis involving nitrate reductase has been reported in filamentous fungi so far, but this does not satisfy all the NO produced in fungal cells. Here we provide evidence for at least one additional biosynthetic pathway in A. nidulans involving l-arginine or an intermediate metabolite as a substrate. Under certain growth conditions, the addition of l-arginine to liquid media elicited a burst of NO that was not dependent on any of the urea cycle genes. The NO levels were controlled by the metabolically available arginine, which was regulated by mobilization from the vacuoles and during development. In vitro assays with protein extracts and amino acid profiling strongly suggested the existence of an arginine-dependent NO pathway analogous to the mammalian NO synthase. Addition of polyamines induced NO synthesis, and mutations in the polyamine synthesis genes puA and spdA reduced the production of NO. In conclusion, here we report an additional pathway for the synthesis of NO in A. nidulans using urea cycle intermediates.Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research P 3279

Tratamiento Foto-catalítico heterogéneo para residuos líquidos con mezcla de sustancias indicadoras generados en laboratorios de la Universidad del Magdalena

El presente estudio buscó comprobar la eficiencia de la técnica de Foto-catálisis Heterogénea mediada con TiO2 como agente catalizador y H202 como agente oxidante en presencia de luz ultravioleta artificial (2.=360 mm) como método para el tratamiento de una matriz compleja de residuos líquidos procedentes de los laboratorios de análisis químico al interior de la Universidad del Magdalena, como los desechos de: tinciones biológicas (Azul de metileno, Sudan III y IV, entre otros), pruebas de calidad del agua (Negro de Eriocromo, Fenolftaleína, Ortofenantrolina, entre otros) y análisis micro biológicos (Violeta de Genciana, Safranina, Lugol), colectados entre los meses de Octubre y Diciembre del año 2009 en 3 unidades de laboratorio en la institución. Se evaluaron los parámetros de degradación y mineralización de los compuestos orgánicos presentes en el desecho recolectado mediante barridos de espectrofotometría entre 200 y 800 mm y pruebas de demanda química de oxígeno (DQ0) validadas a través de pruebas de carbono orgánico total (COT) respectivamente, siguiendo un diseño de experimentos Box-Behnken y utilizando la metodología estadística de superficie de respuesta se encontraron condiciones óptimas de tratamiento para las variables tiempo, pH, concentración de catalizador y concentración de agente oxidante ( t=6h, pH=3.0, Cat=550ppm y Ox= 2mI/L respectivamente), logrando una degradación del 84.07% y una mineralización total del 58.02% de los compuestos presentes inicialmente en la muestra. El proceso mostró una cinética ajustada a la ecuación de Langmuir - Hinshenlwood demostrando que la velocidad de absorción del contaminante en el catalizador es el mecanismo más importante para el tratamiento. Se ajustó un modelo matemático por respuesta, para la degradación se incluyen efectos lineales e interacciones entre las variables tiempo, pH y oxidante mientras que para la mineralización solo es significante el comportamiento del oxidante. La foto catálisis heterogénea demostró ser una técnica muy efectiva para el tratamiento de la mezcla de residuos orgánicos procedentes de los laboratorios estudiados de la Universidad del Magdalena, con un poco más de investigación se podría implementar la técnica como tecnología de tratamiento de residuos líquidos con sustancias químicas al interior de la institución

Real-time early warning system design for pluvial flash floods - A review

[EN] Pluvial flash floods in urban areas are becoming increasingly frequent due to climate change and human actions, negatively impacting the life, work, production and infrastructure of a population. Pluvial flooding occurs when intense rainfall overflows the limits of urban drainage and water accumulation causes hazardous flash floods. Although flash floods are hard to predict given their rapid formation, Early Warning Systems (EWS) are used to minimize casualties. We performed a systematic review to define the basic structure of an EWS for rain flash floods. The structure of the review is as follows: first, Section 2 describes the most important factors that affect the intensity of pluvial flash floods during rainfall events. Section 3 defines the key elements and actors involved in an effective EWS. Section 4 reviews different EWS architectures for pluvial flash floods implemented worldwide. It was identified that the reviewed projects did not follow guidelines to design early warning systems, neglecting important aspects that must be taken into account in their implementation. Therefore, this manuscript proposes a basic structure for an effective EWS for pluvial flash floods that guarantees the forecasting process and alerts dissemination during rainfall events.Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation of the presidency of the Republic of Colombia (COLCIENCIAS) #728.Acosta-Coll, M.; Ballester Merelo, FJ.; Martínez Peiró, MA.; De La Hoz-Franco, E. (2018). Real-time early warning system design for pluvial flash floods - A review. Sensors. 18(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/s18072255S187Kundzewicz, Z. W. (2002). Non-structural Flood Protection and Sustainability. Water International, 27(1), 3-13. doi:10.1080/02508060208686972Singh, P., Sinha, V. S. P., Vijhani, A., & Pahuja, N. (2018). Vulnerability assessment of urban road network from urban flood. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 28, 237-250. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.03.017Birkmann, J., & von Teichman, K. (2010). Integrating disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation: key challenges—scales, knowledge, and norms. Sustainability Science, 5(2), 171-184. doi:10.1007/s11625-010-0108-yEmerging Challenges for Early Warning Systems in context of Climate Change and Urbanizationhttp://www.preventionweb.net/ files/15689_ewsincontextofccandurbanization.pdfChaumillon, E., Bertin, X., Fortunato, A. B., Bajo, M., Schneider, J.-L., Dezileau, L., … Pedreros, R. (2017). Storm-induced marine flooding: Lessons from a multidisciplinary approach. Earth-Science Reviews, 165, 151-184. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.005Alfieri, L., Cohen, S., Galantowicz, J., Schumann, G. J.-P., Trigg, M. A., Zsoter, E., … Salamon, P. (2018). A global network for operational flood risk reduction. Environmental Science & Policy, 84, 149-158. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2018.03.014Maggioni, V., & Massari, C. (2018). On the performance of satellite precipitation products in riverine flood modeling: A review. Journal of Hydrology, 558, 214-224. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.01.039Jiang, Y., Zevenbergen, C., & Ma, Y. (2018). Urban pluvial flooding and stormwater management: A contemporary review of China’s challenges and «sponge cities» strategy. Environmental Science & Policy, 80, 132-143. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.11.016Veldhuis, J. A. E. (2011). How the choice of flood damage metrics influences urban flood risk assessment. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 4(4), 281-287. doi:10.1111/j.1753-318x.2011.01112.xGlobal Approach to Address Flash Floodshttp://www.hrc-lab.org/publicbenefit/downloads/wmo-flashflood.pdfChen, Y., Zhou, H., Zhang, H., Du, G., & Zhou, J. (2015). Urban flood risk warning under rapid urbanization. Environmental Research, 139, 3-10. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.028Guerreiro, S., Glenis, V., Dawson, R., & Kilsby, C. (2017). Pluvial Flooding in European Cities—A Continental Approach to Urban Flood Modelling. Water, 9(4), 296. doi:10.3390/w9040296Bhattarai, R., Yoshimura, K., Seto, S., Nakamura, S., & Oki, T. (2016). Statistical model for economic damage from pluvial floods in Japan using rainfall data and socioeconomic parameters. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 16(5), 1063-1077. doi:10.5194/nhess-16-1063-2016Acosta-Coll, M., Ballester-Merelo, F., & Martínez-Peiró, M. (2018). Early warning system for detection of urban pluvial flooding hazard levels in an ungauged basin. Natural Hazards, 92(2), 1237-1265. doi:10.1007/s11069-018-3249-4Yin, J., Ye, M., Yin, Z., & Xu, S. (2014). A review of advances in urban flood risk analysis over China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 29(3), 1063-1070. doi:10.1007/s00477-014-0939-7Azam, M., Kim, H. S., & Maeng, S. J. (2017). Development of flood alert application in Mushim stream watershed Korea. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 21, 11-26. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2016.11.008Creutin, J. D., Borga, M., Gruntfest, E., Lutoff, C., Zoccatelli, D., & Ruin, I. (2013). A space and time framework for analyzing human anticipation of flash floods. Journal of Hydrology, 482, 14-24. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.11.009Yin, J., Yu, D., Yin, Z., Liu, M., & He, Q. (2016). Evaluating the impact and risk of pluvial flash flood on intra-urban road network: A case study in the city center of Shanghai, China. Journal of Hydrology, 537, 138-145. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.037UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reductionhttps://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/657Einfalt, T., Hatzfeld, F., Wagner, A., Seltmann, J., Castro, D., & Frerichs, S. (2009). URBAS: forecasting and management of flash floods in urban areas. Urban Water Journal, 6(5), 369-374. doi:10.1080/15730620902934819Lam, R. P. K., Leung, L. P., Balsari, S., Hsiao, K., Newnham, E., Patrick, K., … Leaning, J. (2017). Urban disaster preparedness of Hong Kong residents: A territory-wide survey. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 23, 62-69. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2017.04.008Bouwer, L. M., Papyrakis, E., Poussin, J., Pfurtscheller, C., & Thieken, A. H. (2014). The Costing of Measures for Natural Hazard Mitigation in Europe. Natural Hazards Review, 15(4), 04014010. doi:10.1061/(asce)nh.1527-6996.0000133Praskievicz, S., & Chang, H. (2009). A review of hydrological modelling of basin-scale climate change and urban development impacts. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 33(5), 650-671. doi:10.1177/0309133309348098Hunt, A., & Watkiss, P. (2010). Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: a review of the literature. Climatic Change, 104(1), 13-49. doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9975-6Kundzewicz, Z. W., Kanae, S., Seneviratne, S. I., Handmer, J., Nicholls, N., Peduzzi, P., … Sherstyukov, B. (2013). Flood risk and climate change: global and regional perspectives. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59(1), 1-28. doi:10.1080/02626667.2013.857411You, Q., Kang, S., Aguilar, E., Pepin, N., Flügel, W.-A., Yan, Y., … Huang, J. (2010). Changes in daily climate extremes in China and their connection to the large scale atmospheric circulation during 1961–2003. Climate Dynamics, 36(11-12), 2399-2417. doi:10.1007/s00382-009-0735-0Miller, J. D., & Hutchins, M. (2017). The impacts of urbanisation and climate change on urban flooding and urban water quality: A review of the evidence concerning the United Kingdom. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 12, 345-362. doi:10.1016/j.ejrh.2017.06.006Borga, M., Anagnostou, E. N., Blöschl, G., & Creutin, J.-D. (2011). Flash flood forecasting, warning and risk management: the HYDRATE project. Environmental Science & Policy, 14(7), 834-844. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2011.05.017Grillakis, M. G., Koutroulis, A. G., Komma, J., Tsanis, I. K., Wagner, W., & Blöschl, G. (2016). Initial soil moisture effects on flash flood generation – A comparison between basins of contrasting hydro-climatic conditions. Journal of Hydrology, 541, 206-217. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.007Zhang, J., Yu, Z., Yu, T., Si, J., Feng, Q., & Cao, S. (2018). Transforming flash floods into resources in arid China. Land Use Policy, 76, 746-753. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.002Spiekermann, R., Kienberger, S., Norton, J., Briones, F., & Weichselgartner, J. (2015). The Disaster-Knowledge Matrix – Reframing and evaluating the knowledge challenges in disaster risk reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 13, 96-108. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.05.002Weichselgartner, J., & Pigeon, P. (2015). The Role of Knowledge in Disaster Risk Reduction. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6(2), 107-116. doi:10.1007/s13753-015-0052-7Hunt, D. P. (2003). The concept of knowledge and how to measure it. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(1), 100-113. doi:10.1108/14691930310455414Strengthening Capacities for Disaster Risk Reduction, A Primerhttps://www.preventionweb.net/files/globalplatform/entry_bg_paper~strengtheningcapacityfordrraprimerfullreport.pdfSurjan, A., Sharma, A., & Shaw, R. (2011). Chapter 2 Understanding Urban Resilience. Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management, 17-45. doi:10.1108/s2040-7262(2011)0000006008Fakhruddin, S. H. M., Kawasaki, A., & Babel, M. S. (2015). Community responses to flood early warning system: Case study in Kaijuri Union, Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 323-331. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2015.08.004Balis, B., Kasztelnik, M., Bubak, M., Bartynski, T., Gubała, T., Nowakowski, P., & Broekhuijsen, J. (2011). The UrbanFlood Common Information Space for Early Warning Systems. Procedia Computer Science, 4, 96-105. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2011.04.011Krzhizhanovskaya, V. V., Shirshov, G. S., Melnikova, N. B., Belleman, R. G., Rusadi, F. I., Broekhuijsen, B. J., … Meijer, R. J. (2011). Flood early warning system: design, implementation and computational modules. Procedia Computer Science, 4, 106-115. doi:10.1016/j.procs.2011.04.012Chang, C. L., & Lin, T.-C. (2015). The role of organizational culture in the knowledge management process. Journal of Knowledge Management, 19(3), 433-455. doi:10.1108/jkm-08-2014-0353MARK, O., WEESAKUL, S., APIRUMANEKUL, C., AROONNET, S., & DJORDJEVIC, S. (2004). Potential and limitations of 1D modelling of urban flooding. Journal of Hydrology, 299(3-4), 284-299. doi:10.1016/s0022-1694(04)00373-7Henonin, J., Russo, B., Mark, O., & Gourbesville, P. (2013). Real-time urban flood forecasting and modelling – a state of the art. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 15(3), 717-736. doi:10.2166/hydro.2013.132Mayhorn, C. B., & McLaughlin, A. C. (2014). Warning the world of extreme events: A global perspective on risk communication for natural and technological disaster. Safety Science, 61, 43-50. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.014Cools, J., Innocenti, D., & O’Brien, S. (2016). Lessons from flood early warning systems. Environmental Science & Policy, 58, 117-122. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2016.01.006Plate, E. J. (2007). Early warning and flood forecasting for large rivers with the lower Mekong as example. Journal of Hydro-environment Research, 1(2), 80-94. doi:10.1016/j.jher.2007.10.002Altay, N., & Green, W. G. (2006). OR/MS research in disaster operations management. European Journal of Operational Research, 175(1), 475-493. doi:10.1016/j.ejor.2005.05.016Alfieri, L., Burek, P., Dutra, E., Krzeminski, B., Muraro, D., Thielen, J., & Pappenberger, F. (2013). GloFAS – global ensemble streamflow forecasting and flood early warning. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 17(3), 1161-1175. doi:10.5194/hess-17-1161-2013Morss, R. E., Mulder, K. J., Lazo, J. K., & Demuth, J. L. (2016). How do people perceive, understand, and anticipate responding to flash flood risks and warnings? Results from a public survey in Boulder, Colorado, USA. Journal of Hydrology, 541, 649-664. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.11.047Cama-Pinto, A., Acosta-Coll, M., Piñeres-Espitia, G., Caicedo-Ortiz, J., Zamora-Musa, R., & Sepulveda-Ojeda, J. (2016). Diseño de una red de sensores inalámbricos para la monitorización de inundaciones repentinas en la ciudad de Barranquilla, Colombia. Ingeniare. Revista chilena de ingeniería, 24(4), 581-599. doi:10.4067/s0718-33052016000400005Espitia, G. P. (2014). Plataformas tecnológicas aplicadas al monitoreo climático. Prospectiva, 11(2), 78. doi:10.15665/rp.v11i2.42Caicedo Ortiz, J. G. (2015). Modelo de despliegue de una WSN para la medición de las variables climáticas que causan fuertes precipitaciones. Prospectiva, 13(1), 106. doi:10.15665/rp.v13i1.365Marshall, J. S., & Palmer, W. M. K. (1948). THE DISTRIBUTION OF RAINDROPS WITH SIZE. Journal of Meteorology, 5(4), 165-166. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1948)0052.0.co;2Liquid-Level Monitoring Using a Pressure Sensorhttp://www.ti.com/lit/an/snaa127/snaa127.pdfUltrasonic Transmitters vshttps://www.flo-corp.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/LTT1_UltrasonicTransmitters_GuidedWaveRadar_LevelMeasurement_whitepaper.pdfPanda, K. G., Agrawal, D., Nshimiyimana, A., & Hossain, A. (2016). Effects of environment on accuracy of ultrasonic sensor operates in millimetre range. Perspectives in Science, 8, 574-576. doi:10.1016/j.pisc.2016.06.024Saad, C., Mostafa, B., Ahmadi, E., & Abderrahmane, H. (2014). Comparative Performance Analysis of Wireless Communication Protocols for Intelligent Sensors and Their Applications. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 5(4). doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2014.050413FloodCitiSense: Early Warning Service for Urban Pluvial Floods for and by Citizens and City Authoritieshttp://www.iiasa.ac.at/web/home/research/researchPrograms/EcosystemsServicesandManagement/FloodCitiSense.htmlParker, D. J. (2017). Flood Warning Systems and Their Performance. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.8

Qualidade do tomate de mesa em função da época de colheita

Losses on tomato business chain start at harvest, a two-months period. At the beginning of the harvest, fruits concentrate at the basal part of the plant, then in the middle, and finally at the top, and undergo changes in diameter and maturity indexes as harvest progresses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of handling at three different periods: (I) 15 days, (II) 30 days, and (III) 45 days after the beginning of harvest. Tomatoes were ordinarily grown and harvested in to bamboo baskets, and transferred to plastics boxes. Fruits were classified according to ripening stage and diameter, and evaluated for mechanical damage and external defects caused by harvesting procedures. The time required for the harvest operation was measured; damage to fruits (%) and weight loss (%), caused either in the field and/or during the harvesting process, were taken into consideration and related to the final quality of fruit after storage for 21 days. The same methodology was used all through the production and harvest cycle. The highest % fruit damage occurred during period II, a longer harvest time than the other two periods. Fruits not submitted to handling showed lower weight loss than handled fruits. Fruits harvested in period II and stored for 21 days showed higher losses due to mechanical injury.As perdas na cadeia produtiva do tomate de mesa iniciam-se no campo durante a colheita, a qual ocorre por cerca de dois meses. No inicio da colheita frutos concentram-se na parte basal da planta, posteriormente na região mediana e finalizam na parte superior. Frutos durante o período de colheita apresentam alterações quanto ao diâmetro e estádio de maturidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do manuseio durante a colheita na qualidade do tomate de mesa, cultivar 'Fanny' após 15, 30 e 45 dias, depois de iniciada a colheita. Tomates foram colhidos no sistema tradicional, utilizando-se de uma cesta de bambu e transferidos para caixas plásticas. Foi realizada uma classificação para o estádio de maturação e diâmetro e avaliação para danos físicos e defeitos externos nos frutos colhidos. O tempo necessário para colheita foi mensurado. Para avaliação da qualidade dos frutos foram considerados: perda de peso (%), incidência de danos físicos (%) originados no processo de colheita e originados em campo. Estes resultados foram relacionados à qualidade final dos frutos após armazenagem por 21 dias. A mesma metodologia foi utilizada nas três diferentes épocas. Os maiores valores em danos físicos (%) obtidos na etapa de colheita foram na segunda época, juntamente com um maior tempo para realização desta colheita. Nas três épocas, frutos não submetidos ao manuseio apresentaram menor perda de peso. Após armazenamento por 21 dias, frutos obtidos na segunda época demonstram maiores perdas devido a danos físicos do que as demais épocas

GOMA de Algarrobo, un producto no maderero con muchas aplicaciones potenciales

Las “gomas” vegetales son producidas y expulsadas por algunas plantas frente a un estrés natural o daños físicos, y tiene como fin protegerlas de la deshidratación de los tejidos expuestos, así como el ingreso y la proliferación de microorganismos e insectos. Técnicamente son definidas como polisacáridos solubles en agua que pueden ser extraídos a partir de vegetales terrestres o marinos, o de microorganismos, y que poseen la capacidad de incrementar la viscosidad y/o de formar geles en dispersiones acuosas. Algunas gomas vegetales de uso generalizado son los galactomananos obtenidos de semillas como la goma guar y espina corona, y los exudados como la goma arábiga y el tragacanto, entre otras.EEA Sáenz PeñaFil: Pernochi, Lorena Soledad. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Sáenz Peña; ArgentinaFil: Vasile, Franco Emanuel. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral; ArgentinaFil: Vasile, Franco Emanuel. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Laboratorio de Alimentos Funcionales; ArgentinaFil: Vasile, Franco Emanuel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Laboratorio de Alimentos Funcionales; ArgentinaFil: Atanasio, Marcos Antonio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Sáenz Peña; ArgentinaFil: Derka, Carlos Alberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Sáenz Peña; ArgentinaFil: Derka, Carlos Alberto. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral; Argentin

Cumulative exposure to tacrolimus and incidence of cancer after liver transplantation

Cancer is the leading cause of death after liver transplantation (LT). This multicenter case–control nested study aimed to evaluate the effect of maintenance immunosuppres sion on post-LT malignancy. The eligible cohort included 2495 LT patacrolimus-based immunosuppression. After 13 922 person/years follow-up, 425 patients (19.7%) developed malignancy (cases) and were matched with 425 controls by propensity score based on age, gender, smoking habit, etiology of liver disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) before LT. The independent predictors of post-LT malignancy were older age (HR = 1.06 [95% CI 1.05–1.07]; p < .001), male sex (HR = 1.50 [95% CI 1.14–1.99]), smoking habit (HR = 1.96 [95% CI 1.42–2.66]), and alcoholic liver disease (HR = 1.53 [95% CI 1.19–1.97]). In selected cases and controls (n = 850), the immunosuppression protocol was similar (p = .51). An increased cumulative exposure to tacrolimus (CET), calculated by the area under curve of trough concentrations, was the only immunosuppression-related predictor of post-LT malignancy after controlling for clinical features and baseline HCC (CET at 3 months p = .001 and CET at 12 months p = .004). This effect was consistent for de novo malignancy (after excluding HCC recurrence) and for internal neoplasms (after excluding non-melanoma skin cancer). Therefore, tacrolimus minimization, as monitored by CET, is the key to modulate immunosuppression in order to prevent cancer after LT

Tomato quality in different postharvest phases

Manual classification using wooden boxes (K) are still very common in Brazil. The main goal of this work was to characterize tomatoes of the cultivar Débora type, for maturity index, diameter and external defects at harvest time and at Retail Market, CEASA, Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil. This research also evaluated parameters related to mechanical injury (%), weight loss (%) and quality during the main phases (1) harvest; (2) before field sorting and classification; (3) after field sorting and packaging in K boxes; (4) at CEASA. 120 fruits were taken at each stage. Defects and physical damage were evaluated using a score scale. Fruits sampled in the field showed external damages, due to bruising from bamboo stakes, insects attack and physiological and nutritional disorders. Fruits were harvested mainly at green maturity stage (48%). But, when sampled at CEASA this amount dropped to 26,3%, having mixed diameters fruits, 55,4% at 50-60mm and 43,9% over 60 mm. The results showed an increase in mechanical injury (%), weight loss (%) and loss of quality during the stages. Fruits taken directly from field showed better quality (45%) after storage for 21 days than fruits sampled at terminal market, CEASA (5,8%).A classificação manual para tomate de mesa e a utilização da caixa K para transporte ainda predomina em diversas regiões no Brasil. O presente trabalho buscou caracterizar frutos da cultivar Débora provenientes de plantios comerciais quanto ao estádio de maturidade, diâmetro e defeitos físicos e danos na etapa de colheita e no recebimento do produto na CEASA, de Campinas. Objetivou-se também avaliar a incidência de danos físicos, a perda de peso e alterações na qualidade em frutos retirados diretamente no campo de produção e nas etapas da colheita (1), recebimento em um barracão para classificação manual (2), após classificação manual e embalagem (3) e na comercialização do produto na CEASA (4). Para está amostragem retirou-se 120 frutos em cada etapa. Defeitos e danos físicos presentes foram analisados utilizando-se uma escala de notas. Frutos amostrados em campo já demonstravam danos físicos, provenientes principalmente da abrasão com as estacas de bambu e fios de amarrio, ataque de insetos e distúrbios fisiológicos e nutricionais. Os frutos foram colhidos predominantemente no estádio de maturação verde-maduro (48%). Na amostragem retirada na CEASA dois dias após a colheita está porcentagem era de 26,3%, com misturas de diâmetros, sendo que 55,4% dos frutos encontravam-se entre 50-60 mm e 43,9% acima de 60 mm. Observou-se um incremento nos danos físicos e na perda de peso e conseqüente perda na qualidade com o aumento do manuseio e transporte do produto. Frutos retirados diretamente da planta mostraram-se mais aptos a consumo após armazenagem por 21 dias (45%) do que frutos amostrados na CEASA (5,8%).231235Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP