Mecanismos de Transmissão da Política Monetária: a Visão das Diferentes Escolas de Pensamento.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to present a discussion on the monetary policy transmission mechanisms developed by the various schools of economic thought over time. The organization of this discussion from the schools of thought is unprecedented and allows the establishment of relevant comparisons on the subject. We start with the conventional view of the old-Keynesians through the IS-LM model for closed and open economies. The critique starts with the contribution of the monetarist school and passes through the vision of the new-classical and new-Keynesian schools, ending with the contribution of the post-Keynesian school to the discussion. It is concluded that the monetary policy effects on the system are far beyond its impacts on interest rates. Impacts on the exchange rate, level of wealth, expectations, credit terms and liquidity degree of assets that are part of the system can be expected due to changes in monetary policy. Key words: Monetary transmission mechanism; Monetary policy; Schools of economic thought; Classificação JEL: E44, E51, E52, E58 Artigo recebido em nov. 2010 e aprovado para publicação em jun. 2012ENDEREÇO PARA ENVIO DE PUBLICAÇÃO: Endereço de ambos: Av. Prof. Lothário Meissner, 632 - Jardim Botânico - Curitiba - PR CEP 80210-170RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a discussão sobre os mecanismos de transmissão da política monetária desenvolvidos pelas diversas escolas do pensamento econômico ao longo do tempo. A organização dessa discussão a partir das escolas do pensamento é inédita e permite o estabelecimento de comparações relevantes sobre o tema. Parte-se da visão convencional dos velhos-keynesianos por meio do modelo IS-LM para economias fechadas e abertas. A crítica inicia-se com a contribuição da escola monetarista e passa pela visão das escolas novo-clássica e novo-keynesiana, finalizando com a contribuição da escola pós-keynesiana para o debate. Conclui-se que os efeitos da política monetária sobre o sistema se encontram muito além de seus impactos sobre a taxa de juros. Impactos sobre a taxa de câmbio, o nível de riqueza, expectativas, condições de crédito e o grau de liquidez dos ativos que compõem o sistema podem ser esperados em decorrência de alterações na política monetária. Palavras-chave: Mecanismos de transmissão monetária; política monetária; escolas de pensamento econômico

Analysis of the Decision-Making Process of Judges in Setting the Sentence

The study investigated the decision of judges, referring to the dosimetry of the base-penalty, applied to crimes of robbery and theft. A total of 1063 sentences were used, handed down in 12 criminal courts in Brazil, between 2019 and 2020. Legal factors were parameterized and subjected to statistical analysis. The results indicate the use of automated systems in the decisions made by judges, with bias influence, affecting the legality and constitutionality of sentences

Comparison of Brazilian Plants Used to Treat Gastritis on the Oxidative Burst of Helicobacter pylori

Ten Brazilian medicinal plants used to treat gastritis and ulcers were carefully selected on the basis of ethnopharmacological importance and antiulcerogenic activity previously described. The antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts was determined in analysis conditions that simulate a real biological activity on inhibition of the oxidative burst induced in neutrophils using Helicobacter pylori as activator, by a luminol-amplified chemiluminescence assay. The extracts, at low concentration (5 μg/mL), exhibited a large variation in inhibitory effects of H. pylori-induced oxidative burst ranging from 48% inhibition to inactive, but all extracts, excluding Byrsonima intermedia, had inhibitory activity over 80% at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. The total suppressive antioxidant capacity measured as the effective concentration, which represents the extract concentration producing 50% inhibition of the chemiluminescence induced by H. pylori, varies from 27.2 to 56.8 μg/mL and was in the following order: Qualea parviflora > Qualea multiflora > Alchornea triplinervia > Qualea grandiflora > Anacardium humile > Davilla elliptica > Mouriri pusa > Byrsonima basiloba > Alchornea glandulosa > Byrsonima intermedia. The main groups of compounds in tested extracts are presented. Differences in the phytochemical profile, quantitatively and qualitatively, of these plants can explain and justify their protective effect on the gastric mucosa caused by the neutrophil-generated ROS that occurs when H. pylori displays its evasion mechanisms

ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA DOS EFEITOS DA FOTOTERAPIA CAPILAR DE ALTA E BAIXA POTÊNCIA: ESPECIALMENTE PARA DIFERENTES TIPOS DE ALOPECIA

The present work presents a systematic review of the literature on hair phototherapy for different types of hair loss (androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata and telogen effluvium). Objective: to compare the effects of high and low potency photocapillary therapy on hair growth and repair in patients with alopecia. Method: it was carried out by searching the following databases: Scielo, PubMed, Elsevier and PEDro, corresponding to the last ten years on the subject. Discussion: Studies have shown that high- and low-potency photochemotherapy for hair can effectively stimulate hair follicles and promote hair growth. However, the specific type of hair loss to be treated can determine which device is best suited for use. Conclusion: Hair phototherapy can provide a safe and effective treatment option for those suffering from alopecia or baldness, but choosing the proper potency level is crucial for effective results.El presente trabajo presenta una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre fototerapia capilar para diferentes tipos de pérdida de cabello (alopecia androgenética, alopecia areata y efluvio telógeno). Objetivo: comparar los efectos de la terapia fotocapilar de alta y baja potencia sobre el crecimiento y reparación del cabello en pacientes con alopecia. Método: se realizó mediante búsqueda en las siguientes bases de datos: Scielo, PubMed, Elsevier y PEDro, correspondientes a los últimos diez años sobre el tema. Discusión: Los estudios han demostrado que la fotoquimioterapia de alta y baja potencia para el cabello puede estimular eficazmente los folículos pilosos y promover el crecimiento del cabello. Sin embargo, el tipo específico de pérdida de cabello a tratar puede determinar qué dispositivo es el más adecuado para su uso. Conclusión: La fototerapia capilar puede proporcionar una opción de tratamiento segura y efectiva para aquellos que sufren de alopecia o calvicie, pero elegir el nivel de potencia adecuado es crucial para obtener resultados efectivos.O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre fototerapia capilar para diferentes tipos de queda de cabelo (alopecia androgenética, alopecia areata e eflúvio telógeno). Objetivo: comparar os efeitos da terapia fotocapilar de alta e baixa potência no crescimento e reparação capilar em pacientes com alopecia. Método:  foi realizado por meio de pesquisa em bases de dados: Scielo, PubMed, Elsevier e PEDro, correspondentes aos últimos dez anos sobre o tema. Discussão: Estudos têm mostrado que a fotoquimioterapia de alta e baixa potência para o cabelo pode efetivamente estimular os folículos pilosos e promover o crescimento do cabelo. No entanto, o tipo específico de perda de cabelo a ser tratado pode determinar qual dispositivo é mais adequado para uso. Conclusão: A fototerapia capilar pode proporcionar uma opção de tratamento segura e eficaz para aqueles que sofrem de alopecia ou calvície, mas a escolha do nível de potência adequado é crucial para resultados eficazes. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre fototerapia capilar para diferentes tipos de queda de cabelo (alopecia androgenética, alopecia areata e eflúvio telógeno). Objetivo: comparar os efeitos da terapia fotocapilar de alta e baixa potência no crescimento e reparação capilar em pacientes com alopecia. Método:  foi realizado por meio de pesquisa em bases de dados: Scielo, PubMed, Elsevier e PEDro, correspondentes aos últimos dez anos sobre o tema. Discussão: Estudos têm mostrado que a fotoquimioterapia de alta e baixa potência para o cabelo pode efetivamente estimular os folículos pilosos e promover o crescimento do cabelo. No entanto, o tipo específico de perda de cabelo a ser tratado pode determinar qual dispositivo é mais adequado para uso. Conclusão: A fototerapia capilar pode proporcionar uma opção de tratamento segura e eficaz para aqueles que sofrem de alopecia ou calvície, mas a escolha do nível de potência adequado é crucial para resultados eficazes.

Effect of Byrsonima crassa and Phenolic Constituents on Helicobacter pylori-Induced Neutrophils Oxidative Burst

Byrsonima crassa Niedenzu (Malpighiaceae) is used in Brazilian folk medicine for the treatment of diseases related mainly to gastric ulcers. In a previous study, our group described the gastric protective effect of the methanolic extract from the leaves of B. crassa. The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of methanolic extract and its phenolic compounds on the respiratory burst of neutrophils stimulated by H. pylori using a luminol-based chemiluminescence assay as well as their anti-H. pylori activity. The suppressive activity on oxidative burst of H. pylori-stimulated neutrophils was in the order of methyl gallate > (+)-catechin > methanol extract > quercetin 3-O-α-l-arabinopyranoside > quercetin 3-O-β-d-galactopyranoside > amentoflavone. Methyl gallate, compound that induced the highest suppressive activity with IC50 value of 3.4 μg/mL, did not show anti-H. pylori activity. B. crassa could be considered as a potential source of natural antioxidant in gastric ulcers by attenuating the effects on the damage to gastric mucosa caused by neutrophil generated reactive oxygen species, even when H. pylori displays its evasion mechanisms

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester: Consequences of Its Hydrophobicity in the Oxidative Functions and Cytokine Release by Leukocytes

Numerous anti-inflammatory properties have been attributed to caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis. NADPH oxidases are multienzymatic complexes involved in many inflammatory diseases. Here, we studied the importance of the CAPE hydrophobicity on cell-free antioxidant capacity, inhibition of the NADPH oxidase and hypochlorous acid production, and release of TNF-α and IL-10 by activated leukocytes. The comparison was made with the related, but less hydrophobic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids. Cell-free studies such as superoxide anion scavenging assay, triene degradation, and anodic peak potential (Epa) measurements showed that the alterations in the hydrophobicity did not provoke significant changes in the oxidation potential and antiradical potency of the tested compounds. However, only CAPE was able to inhibit the production of superoxide anion by activated leukocytes. The inhibition of the NADPH oxidase resulted in the blockage of production of hypochlorous acid. Similarly, CAPE was the more effective inhibitor of the release of TNF-α and IL-10 by Staphylococcus aureus stimulated cells. In conclusion, the presence of the catechol moiety and the higher hydrophobicity were essential for the biological effects. Considering the involvement of NADPH oxidases in the genesis and progression of inflammatory diseases, CAPE should be considered as a promising anti-inflammatory drug

Venenos e toxinas ofídicas purificadas como ferramenta biotecnológica para o controle de Ralstonia solanacearum

The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of snake venoms and purified toxins on the phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. The evaluations were performed with 17 crude venoms (13 from Bothrops, 3 from Crotalus, and 1 from Lachesis) and seven toxins (1 from Bothrops and 6 from Crotalus). Antibacterial activity was assessed in MB1 medium containing solubilized treatments (1 μL mL‑1). A total of 100 μL bacterial suspension (8.4 x 109 CFU mL-1) was used. After incubation at 28°C, the number of bacterial colonies at 24, 48, and 72 hours after inoculation was evaluated. SDS-PAGE gel at 15% was used to analyze the protein patterns of the samples, using 5 μg protein of each sample in the assay. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and lethal concentration (LC50) values were determined by the Probit method. Venoms and toxins were able to reduce more than 90% of R. solanacearum growth. These results were either equivalent to those of the positive control chloramphenicol or even better. While MIC values ranged from 4.0 to 271.5 µg mL-1, LC50 ranged from 28.5 µg mL-1 to 4.38 mg mL-1. Ten crude venoms (7 from Bothrops and 3 from Crotalus) and two purified toxins (gyroxin and crotamine) are promising approaches to control the phytopathogenic bacterium R. solanacearum.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antibacteriana in vitro de venenos e toxinas purificadas de serpentes sobre a bactéria fitopatogênica Ralstonia solanacearum. As avaliações foram realizadas em 17 venenos brutos (13 de Bothrops, 3 de Crotalus e 1 de Lachesis) e sete toxinas (1 de Bothrops e 6 de Crotalus). A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada em meio MB1 que continha os tratamentos solubilizados (1 μL mL-1). Utilizou-se o total de 100 μL de suspensão bacteriana (8,4 x 109 UFC mL-1). Após incubação a 28°C, avaliou-se o número de colônias bacterianas às 24, 48 e 72 horas após a inoculação. O gel SDS-PAGE a 15% foi usado para analisar o perfil proteico das amostras, tendo-se utilizado 5 μg de proteína no ensaio. Além disso, os valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração letal (CL50) foram determinados pelo método Probit. Os venenos e as toxinas foram capazes de reduzir mais de 90% do crescimento de R. solanacearum. Esses resultados foram ou equivalentes aos do controle positivo cloranfenicol ou até melhores. Enquanto os valores de CIM variaram de 4,0 a 271,5 µg mL-1, a CL50 variou de 28,5 µg mL-1 a 4,38 mg mL-1. Dez venenos brutos (7 de Bothrops e 3 de Crotalus) e duas toxinas (giroxina e crotamina) são abordagens promissoras para o controle da bactéria fitopatogênica R. solanacearum

Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Triazole N-acylhydrazone Hybrids for Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder that involves different pathogenic mechanisms. In this regard, the goal of this study was the design and synthesis of new compounds with multifunctional pharmacological activity by molecular hybridization of structural fragments of curcumin and resveratrol connected by an N-acyl-hydrazone function linked to a 1,4-disubstituted triazole system. Among these hybrid compounds, derivative 3e showed the ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity, the intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species as well as the neurotoxicity elicited by Aβ42 oligomers in neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. In parallel, compound 3e showed a good profile of safety and ADME parameters. Taken together, these results suggest that 3e could be considered a lead compound for the further development of AD therapeutics