On Extraction of the Teeth.

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Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiae in Questing Ticks, Central Spain

These results demonstrate that SFG rickettsiae with public health relevance are found in ticks in central Spain as in other regions in Spain. In central Spain, the widespread distribution of tick vectors and possible wildlife hosts, the presence of persons in tick-infested recreational and hunting areas, and the transstadial and transovarial transmission of the pathogen in ticks may favor transmission to humans.Fil: Fernandez de Mera, Isabel G.. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; España;Fil: Ruiz-Fons, Francisco. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; España;Fil: de la Fuente, Gabriela. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; España;Fil: Mangold, Atilio Jose. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Santa Fe. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, Rafaela; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina;Fil: Gortázar, Christian. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos; España;Fil: de la Fuente, José. Oklahoma State University; Estados Unidos de América

Spotted fever group rickettsiaein questing ticks, central Spain

Letter to the Editor.F. R.-F. and I.G.F.M. are supported by a Juan de la Cierva contract from the Spanish Ministry for Economy and Competitiveness. Research supported by POII09-0141-8176 and European Union FP7 ANTIGONE (Anticipating the Global Onset of Novel Epidemics) project number 278976.Peer Reviewe

Проблеми та перспективи етнологічного дослідження меморіальних пам’ятників Білорусі XIX – початку ХХІ століття

The article reviews main directions and results of investigation of Byelorussian memorial monuments from XIXth to the beginning of the XXIth century. It observes problems and peculiarities of the methodology of research in the conditions of sick level of it’s elaboration. There were signed out three main segments of the research: rural cemeteries of the XXth – beginning of the XXIth century, town necropolis of the same period and cemeteries of the second third of the XXth – beginning of the XXIth century. Main transformations of the memorial monuments are explained throug the functionalist conceptions. Special attention is devoted to the semantical segment of the research as to the most favourable for realising that changes what took part in the XXth century. We also mark the problems of a family and individuality as to one of the midpoints of the memorial monumen’s forming.Артыкул прысвечаны агляду асноўных накірункаў і вынікаў даследавання мемарыяльных помнікаў Беларусі 19 – пач. 21 ст. Разглядяюцца праблемы і асаблівасці метадалогіі даследавання ва умовах слабай распрацаванасці цемы. Вылучаны тры асноўныя семгенты даследавання: вясковыя могілкі 19 – пач. 20 ст, гарадскія некропалі таго ж перыяду, і некропалі 2 трэцці 20 – 21 стагоддзяў. Асноўныя трансфармацыі мемарыяльных помнікаў трактуюца зходзячы з функцыяналістскіх канцэпцый, асаблівая увага удзяляецца семантычнай саставляючай даследавання, як наібольш, на думку аўтара, прадуктыўнай для разумення ўнутраных прычын тых трансфармацый, якія адбыліся у 20 стагоддзі. Асаблівая увага удзелена праблеме сям'і і індывідуальнасці як адным з ключавых фактараў у формавані мемарыяльных помнікаў

Las motivaciones juveniles en la elección de la enseñanza técnico-profesional en tres contextos sociales e institucionales : Barcelona, La Plata y Santiago

Production of INCASI Project H2020-MSCA-RISE-2015 GA 691004El objetivo del presente artículo es comprender las motivaciones del alumnado para cursar Educación Técnico-Profesional (ETP), teniendo en cuenta las características institucionales y contextuales de los tres países. Desde una perspectiva cualitativa y a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas a jóvenes entre 18 y 22 años de las tres ciudades, se realiza un análisis sociohermenéutico del discurso del alumnado. Los resultados muestran, por un lado, diferencias en las motivaciones para elegir este tipo de educación, atribuibles al diseño institucional, al prestigio de los estudios y al contexto de la ciudad, lo que llevaría a pensar en elementos de divergencia en la estructuración de la ETP en cada ámbito. Por otro lado, se observa cierta similitud en las motivaciones de los y las jóvenes de las distintas ciudades analizadas que van más allá de lo institucional.The aim of this research is to analyse the motivation of students from three cities to opt for Technical and Professional Education (ETP), taking into consideration the institutional design and social context differences among the three countries. From a qualitative perspective, a discourse analysis of semi-structured interviews aimed at men and women between 18 and 22 years from the three cities is carried out. The results show, on the one hand, differences in terms of motivation when it comes to opting for this type of education, which are due to institutional design, the prestige of studies or the city context. On the other hand, there are also similarities in terms of motivation among young people from the three cities that are beyond institutional design

Vaccination with BM86, subolesin and akirin protective antigens for the control of tick infestations in white tailed deer and red deer

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are hosts for different tick species and tick-borne pathogens and play a role in tick dispersal and maintenance in some regions. These factors stress the importance of controlling tick infestations in deer and several methods such as culling and acaricide treatment have been used. Tick vaccines are a cost-effective alternative for tick control that reduced cattle tick infestations and tick-borne pathogens prevalence while reducing the use of acaricides. Our hypothesis is that vaccination with vector protective antigens can be used for the control of tick infestations in deer. Herein, three experiments were conducted to characterize (1) the antibody response in red deer immunized with recombinant BM86, the antigen included in commercial tick vaccines, (2) the antibody response and control of cattle tick infestations in white-tailed deer immunized with recombinant BM86 or tick subolesin (SUB) and experimentally infested with Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, and (3) the antibody response and control of Hyalomma spp. and Rhipicephalus spp. field tick infestations in red deer immunized with mosquito akirin (AKR), the SUB ortholog and candidate protective antigen against different tick species and other ectoparasites. The results showed that deer produced an antibody response that correlated with the reduction in tick infestations and was similar to other hosts vaccinated previously with these antigens. The overall vaccine efficacy was similar between BM86 (E=76%) and SUB (E=83%) for the control of R. microplus infestations in white-tailed deer. The field trial in red deer showed a 25-33% (18-40% when only infested deer were considered) reduction in tick infestations, 14-20 weeks after the first immunization. These results demonstrated that vaccination with vector protective antigens could be used as an alternative method for the control of tick infestations in deer to reduce tick populations and dispersal in regions where deer are relevant hosts for these ectoparasites.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Spain (project BFU2008-01244/BMC) and the Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Spain (project FAU2008-00014-00-00). D. Carreón was partially supported by a grant-in-aid from Conacyt, Mexico and the EU grant TB-STEP 212414. M. Villar was funded by the JAE-DOC program (CSIC-FSE), Spain. J.A. Moreno-Cid is a recipient of a JCCM fellowship, Spain.Peer Reviewe

External validation of a prognostic model based on total tumor load of sentinel lymph node for early breast cancer patients

Background: A prognostic model based on the results of molecular analysis of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) is needed to replace the information that staging the entire axilla provided. The aim of the study is to conduct an external validation of a previously developed model for the prediction of 5-year DFS in a group of breast cancer patients that had undergone SLN biopsy assessed by the One Step Nucleic Acid Amplification (OSNA) method. Methods: We collected retrospective data of 889 patients with breast cancer, who had not received systemic treatment before surgery, and who underwent SLN biopsy and evaluation of all SLN by OSNA. The discrimination ability of the model was assessed by the area under the ROC curve (AUC ROC), and its calibration by comparing 5-years DFS Kaplan–Meier estimates in quartile groups of model predicted probabilities (MPP). Results: The AUC ROC ranged from 0.78 (at 2 years) to 0.73 (at 5 years) in the training set, and from 0.78 to 0.71, respectively, in the validation set. The MPP allowed to distinguish four groups of patients with heterogeneous DFS (log-rank test p < 0.0001). In the highest risk group, the HR were 6.04 [95% CI 2.70, 13.48] in the training set and 4.79 [2.310, 9.93] in the validation set. Conclusions: The model for the prediction of 5-year DFS was successfully validated using the most stringent form of validation, in centers different from those involved in the development of the model. The external validation of the model confirms its utility for the prediction of 5-year DFS and the usefulness of the TTL value as a prognostic variable.This study was supported by Sysmex España S.L

Induction of COX-2 enzyme and down-regulation of COX-1 expression by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) control prostaglandin E2 production in astrocytes

Pathological conditions and pro-inflammatory stimuli in the brain induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in arachidonic acid metabolism mediating the production of prostanoids that, among other actions, have strong vasoactive properties. Although low basal cerebral COX-2 expression has been reported, COX-2 is strongly induced by pro-inflammatory challenges, whereas COX-1 is constitutively expressed. However, the contribution of these enzymes in prostanoid formation varies depending on the stimuli and cell type. Astrocyte feet surround cerebral microvessels and release molecules that can trigger vascular responses. Here, we investigate the regulation of COX-2 induction and its role in prostanoid generation after a pro-inflammatory challenge with the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in astroglia. Intracerebral administration of LPS in rodents induced strong COX-2 expression mainly in astroglia and microglia, whereas COX-1 expression was predominant in microglia and did not increase. In cultured astrocytes, LPS strongly induced COX-2 and microsomal prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) synthase-1, mediated by the MyD88-dependent NFκB pathway and influenced by mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Studies in COX-deficient cells and using COX inhibitors demonstrated that COX-2 mediated the high production of PGE2 and, to a lesser extent, other prostanoids after LPS. In contrast, LPS down-regulated COX-1 in an MyD88-dependent fashion, and COX-1 deficiency increased PGE2 production after LPS. The results show that astrocytes respond to LPS by a COX-2-dependent production of prostanoids, mainly vasoactive PGE2, and suggest that the coordinated down-regulation of COX-1 facilitates PGE2 production after TLR-4 activation. These effects might induce cerebral blood flow responses to brain inflammation

Evidence of the Importance of Host Habitat Use in Predicting the Dilution Effect of Wild Boar for Deer Exposure to Anaplasma spp

Foci of tick-borne pathogens occur at fine spatial scales, and depend upon a complex arrangement of factors involving climate, host abundance and landscape composition. It has been proposed that the presence of hosts that support tick feeding but not pathogen multiplication may dilute the transmission of the pathogen. However, models need to consider the spatial component to adequately explain how hosts, ticks and pathogens are distributed into the landscape