Evaluation und Charakterisierung lokaler Defekte in organischen optoelektronischen Bauelementen mittels bildgebender Verfahren und Simulationen

Die Arbeit befasst sich mit der Untersuchung von Defekten und deren Dynamik, die lokal in der Energiekonvertierungsfläche von Solarzellen auftreten. Ziel war es eineindeutige Erkennungsmerkmale für unterschiedliche Defekttypen aufzustellen und die Erscheinungsbilder der Defekte in Bildgebende Messmethoden besser zu verstehen. Die Defekte wurden dazu sowohl experimentell untersucht als auch durch Simulationen rekonstruiert. Besonderes Augenmerk lag auf der Untersuchung der zeitlichen Entwicklung des "dark spot" Defektes. Zum Einsatz kamen Bildgebende Elektrolumineszenz (ELI), Lichtinduzierte Strom Kartografierung (LBIC) und Loch-in Wärmebilder (DLIT). Diese Methoden lassen ortsaufgelöste Aussagen über die Proben zu. Elektrische Schaltkreissimulationen wurden eingesetzt, um den Signal-Verlauf der bildgebenden Messmethoden zu reproduzieren. Abschließend wurde betrachtet, inwieweit es möglich ist, durch eine Kombination von zwei bildgebenden Verfahren (ELI und LBIC), ortsaufgelöst Rückschlüsse auf quantitative Größen ziehen zu können. Dazu wurden diese beiden komplementären Messmethoden durch eine gemeinsame Auswertung kombiniert. Es zeigt sich, dass die dynamische Entwicklung des "dark spot" Defekts durch ein Diffusionsmodell beschrieben werden kann. Die weiterentwickelten elektrischen Schaltkreissimulationen bieten die Möglichkeit, die Signalverläufe von ELI, LBIC und DLIT im Umfeld der lokal auftretenden Defekte beschreiben zu können. In Verbindung mit den experimentellen Ergebnissen ist es möglich, Kombinationen verschiedener Messsignale aus mehreren bildgebenden Methoden mit unterschiedlichen Defekttypen zu verknüpfen. Die kombinierte Auswertung der Messsignale ermöglicht Aussagen über die lokalen Serien- und Parallelwiderstände der Zellen. Diese Erkenntnisse ermöglichen eine Qualitätskontrolle basierenden auf bildgebenden Messverfahren. Die in der Arbeit entwickelten und modifizierten Methoden lassen sich sowohl auf organische als auch auf andere Solarzellentypen sowie flächige organische Leuchtdioden anwenden.This work investigates the defects and there dynamic of solar calls. These defects are located within the active area of the cell. The first aim was to identify a biunique relation between defects and there appearance within multiple measurements. Another aim was to improve the understanding of the combined measurement results. The defects were investigated experimentally and by simulation. The dynamic of dark spots as one type of defect was investigated extensively. Used methods during the work were electroluminescence imaging (ELI), light beam induced current (LBIC) and dark lock-in thermography (DLIT). These measurement give images of the sample. In addition, electric circuit simulations calculated the images of the signal of the imaging methods. Finally, a combination of ELI and LBIC was used to extract local electrical parameters from the cell by co-evaluation. The results for the dynamic of the dark spots show that a diffusion model is a suitable solution. The results of the improved electric circuit simulation represent the signals of ELI, LBIC and DLIT for the defect case. The combination of the experimental results and simulations allow for a biunique relation between a type of defect and a set of imaging results. The co-evaluation of ELI and LBIC results in values for the local parameters of series resistance and parallel resistance. The work's results allow for a quality control based on imaging methods. The developed and modified methods presented can be used for organic or inorganic solar cells as well as organic light emitting diodes

33rd New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference: October 8, 9 and 10, 1937, New York City

Excursion A-2: A Geological Traverse from the Hudson River to Long Island Sound; Excursion B-3: Paleontological Trip to the New Jersey Coastal Plain; Excursion C-1: Progressive Metamorphism of the Hudson River Series; Excursion C-2: Glacial Geology of Long Island; Excursion C-3: Engineering Projects in New York City

Pharmacological Stimulation of Edar Signaling in the Adult Enhances Sebaceous Gland Size and Function

Impaired ectodysplasin A (EDA) receptor (EDAR) signaling affects ectodermally derived structures including teeth, hair follicles, and cutaneous glands. The X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED), resulting from EDA deficiency, can be rescued with lifelong benefits in animal models by stimulation of ectodermal appendage development with EDAR agonists. Treatments initiated later in the developmental period restore progressively fewer of the affected structures. It is unknown whether EDAR stimulation in adults with XLHED might have beneficial effects. In adult Eda mutant mice treated for several weeks with agonist anti-EDAR antibodies, we find that sebaceous gland size and function can be restored to wild-type levels. This effect is maintained upon chronic treatment but reverses slowly upon cessation of treatment. Sebaceous glands in all skin regions respond to treatment, although to varying degrees, and this is accompanied in both Eda mutant and wild-type mice by sebum secretion to levels higher than those observed in untreated controls. Edar is expressed at the periphery of the glands, suggesting a direct homeostatic effect of Edar stimulation on the sebaceous gland. Sebaceous gland size and sebum production may serve as biomarkers for EDAR stimulation, and EDAR agonists may improve skin dryness and eczema frequently observed in XLHED

Echinoderms from the Museum of Zoology from the Universidad de Costa Rica

El Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de Costa Rica (MZUCR) se funda en 1966 y alberga la colección de organismos vertebrados e invertebrados más completa de Costa Rica. El MZUCR cuenta actualmente con 24 colec-ciones que contienen más de cinco millones de especíme-nes, y más de 13 000 especies identificadas. Las primeras colecciones datan 1960 e incluyen peces, reptiles, anfibios, poliquetos, crustáceos y equinodermos. Para este último grupo, el MZUCR posee un total de 157 especies, en 1 173 lotes y 4 316 ejemplares. Estas 157 especies representan el 54% del total de especies de equinodermos que posee Costa Rica (293 especies). El resto de especies están repar-tidas en las siguientes instituciones: Academia de la Cien-cias de California (CAS) (4.8%), Instituto Oceanográfico Scripps (SIO) (5.2%), en la Colección Nacional de equino-dermos “Dra. Ma. Elena Caso” de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (ICML-UNAM) (12.7%), Museo de Zoología Comparada de Harvard (MZC) (19.2%), y en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural del Instituto Smithso-niano (USNM) (35.1%). Es posible que haya material de Costa Rica en el Museo de Historia Natural de Dinamarca (NCD) y en el Museo de Historia Natural de los Ángeles (LACM), sin embargo, no hubo acceso a dichas coleccio-nes. A su vez hay 9.6% de especies que no aparecen en ningún museo, pero están reportadas en la literatura. Con base en esta revisión de colecciones se actualizó el listado taxonómico de equinodermos para Costa Rica que consta de 293 especies, 152 géneros, 75 familias, 30 órdenes y cinco clases. La costa Pacífica de Costa Rica posee 153 especies, seguida por la isla del Coco con 134 y la costa Caribe con 65. Holothuria resultó ser el género más rico con 25 especies.The Museum of Zoology, Universidad de Costa Rica (MZUCR) was founded in 1966 and houses the most complete collection of vertebrates and invertebrates in Costa Rica. The MZUCR currently has 24 collections containing more than five million specimens, and more than 13 000 species. The earliest collections date back to 1960 and include fishes, reptiles, amphibians, polychaetes, crustaceans and echinoderms. For the latter group, the MZUCR has a total of 157 species, in 1 173 lots and 4 316 specimens. These 157 species represent 54% of the total species of echino-derms from Costa Rica. The remaining species are distributed in the following institutions: California Academy of Sciences (CAS) (4.8%), Scripps Oceanographic Institute (SIO) (5.2%), National Echinoderm Collection “Dr. Ma. Elena Caso” from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (ICML-UNAM) (12.7%), the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institute (USNM) (35.1%), and the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology (19.2%). There may be material from Costa Rica in the Natural History Museum of Denmark (NCD) and the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles (LACM), however, there was no access to such collections. There are 9.6% that do not appear in museums, but are reported in the literature. Based on this revision, the taxonomic list of echinoderms for Costa Rica is updated to 293 species, 152 genera, 75 families, 30 orders and 5 classes. The Pacific coast of Costa Rica has 153 species, followed by the Isla del Coco with 134 and the Caribbean coast with 65. Holothuria is the most diverse genus with 25 species.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de BiologíaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Artes y Letras::Museo de la Universidad de Costa Ric

AHAPS-functionalized silica nanoparticles do not modulate allergic contact dermatitis in mice

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common skin disease in people and may become a potential site of exposure to nanoparticles (NP). Silica nanoparticles (SiO(2)-NP) possess a promising potential for various medical and non-medical applications, including normal and diseased skin as target organs. However, it has been shown that negatively charged SiO(2)-NP may act as proinflammatory adjuvant in allergic diseases. The effect of topical SiO(2)-NP exposure on preexisting ACD has not been studied to date although this reflects a common in vivo situation. Of particular interest are the potential effects of positively charged N-(6-aminohexyl)-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AHAPS)-functionalized SiO(2)-NP which are promising candidates for delivery systems, including gene delivery into the skin. Here, the effects of such AHAPS-functionalized SiO(2)-NP (55 ± 6 nm in diameter) were studied in an oxazolone-induced ACD model in SKH1 mice and compared to ACD mice treated with vehicle only. The clinical course of the disease was assessed by monitoring of the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and the erythema. In histologic and morphometric analyses, the distribution of particles, the degree of inflammation, epidermal thickness, and the inflammatory infiltrate were characterized and quantified by standard and special histological stains as well as immunohistochemistry for CD3+ lymphocytes. To assess possible systemic effects, serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Following administration of AHAPS-SiO(2)-NP for five consecutive days, no effects were observed in all clinical, histologic, morphometric, and molecular parameters investigated. In conclusion, positively charged AHAPS-SiO(2)-NP seem not to affect the course of ACD during exposure for 5 days

Aluminum electrode insulation dynamics via interface oxidation by reactant diffusion in organic layers

Article 1800474Appreciable progress has been achieved in the development of organic photovoltaics (OPV) over the last decade. However, further improvement of operational stability remains a challenge. In this contribution, focus is placed on corrosion and delamination of the metal contact, which are mainly caused by oxygen or water vapor ingress but in other cases also via mechanical wear and different thermal expansion coefficients. So‐called pinholes and electrode edges provide pathways for ingress of water vapor and oxygen, which may attack the metal–organic interface. Thus, electrical insolation via formation of insulating metal oxide and concomitant mechanical delamination occurs. As charge injection and extraction is suppressed at insulated and delaminated areas, the active area contributing to power conversion gets reduced. This work links analytical and numerical predictions about the active area in contact with the electrode to experimentally observe dependencies. Spatially and time‐resolved electroluminescence measurements provide information on location, size, and growth‐rate of insulated areas. Area loss rates for dark spots depend either sub‐linear (for early stages and edge‐ingress) or linear (later stages) on time. The initial defect size has a clear impact on growth rates. Furthermore, it has possible to demonstrate titanium oxide interlayers to slow down this type of extrinsic degradation