The Legal Regulation of Political Parties in Latin America: Public Funding and Internal Democracy

In this paper I present a comparative analysis of the legal regulation of political parties in Latin America. I study the legislation in force by early-2020 considering two elements: public funding and internal democracy. The results show that all countries in the region grant public funding for political parties, and that in all countries but Brazil the political parties must be internally democratic. Additionally, taking into account characteristics of the regulation not considered in previous studies, this study revealed that in most of the countries there is public funding for parties that must be allocated to political research and training, and that in most of the cases there is a procedure for party members to appeal against the party leaders’ decisions. Finally, I claim that the regulation of parties in the region could improve the parties’ performance as decision makers and straighten the political participation and representation of the citizenship

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Flavia Freidenberg y Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian (Eds.), Reformas a las Organizaciones de Partidos en América Latina (1978-2015), México, oea/unam/pucp/saap, 2016, 533 pp.

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Flavia Freidenberg y Betilde Muñoz-Pogossian (Eds.), Reformas a las Organizaciones de Partidos en América Latina (1978-2015), México, oea/unam/pucp/saap, 2016, 533 pp.

Access the full text to consult the contents.</p

Los órganos electorales estatales y la reforma política de 2013

En nuestro país, desde la creación de los órganos electorales, éstos siempre han vivido en una tensión constante entre la autonomía y la subordinación. El principal problema que enfrentan los órganos electorales es el cuestionamiento sobre su imparcialidad y autonomía. En este contexto los partidos políticos acordaron impulsar una reforma electoral para cambiar al Instituto Federal Electoral y los 32 institutos electorales locales por una sola autoridad, el Instituto Nacional Electoral; sin embargo, dicha propuesta se encuentra lejos de resolver la problemática de fondo en el ámbito político electoral. / Since creation of electoral organs in our country, these have always lived in a constant tension between autonomy and subordination. The principal problem that faces the electoral organs is about your impartiality and au-tonomy, which are questioned. In this context the political parties accord to boost an electoral reform to change the Electoral Federal Institute and the 32 local electoral institutes by one authority, The Electoral National Institute, however, such proposal is a long way to resolve the fundamental problems electoral political