Current Aspects in Trichinellosis

Currently, it is estimated that more than 11 million humans in the world are infected by helminth parasites of Trichinella species, mainly by Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), responsible for causing Trichinellosis disease in both animals and humans. Trichinellosis is a cosmopolitan parasitic zoonotic disease, which has direct relevance to human and animal health, because it presents a constant and important challenge to the host’s immune system, especially through the intestinal tract. Currently, there is an intense investigation of new strategies in pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy against infection by Trichinella spiralis. In this chapter, we will present the most current aspects of biology, epidemiology, immunology, clinicopathology, pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy in Trichinellosis

Opioids: Pharmacology and Epidemiology

Los opioides desde hace muchos años son los analgésicos más utilizados y efectivos para el tratamiento del dolor. Este trabajo da a conocer la clasificación farmacológica, usos terapéuticos, riesgos a la salud y reacciones adversas de los opioides como fármacos, planteando el paradigma del usar este tipo de fármacos para el control del dolor, sin embargo se han convertido en un problema de salud en distintos países ya que en ciertas circunstancias tienen un alto potencial de causar adicción. Además de su uso contra el dolor, los opioides son utilizados como antidiarreicos, antitusivos y para el tratamiento de diversas sintomatologías. A pesar de los efectos adversos, el mal uso y abuso de los opioides; se consideran imprescindibles en la terapia contra el dolor. Actualmente las investigaciones farmacéuticas trabajan en la búsqueda constante de nuevos fármacos con efectos menos severos y con potencia analgésicaOpioids have been used for many years as the most effective analgesics for pain management. This work discloses the pharmacological classification, therapeutic uses, health risks and adverse reactions of opioids as medicines, setting out the paradigm of using this type of drug to control pain. However, they have become a health problem in distinct countries, as they have a high addictive potential under certain circumstances. In addition to their use against pain, opioids are also employed as antidiarrheal, antitussive and for the treatment of diverse symptomatology. Despite the adverse effects, misuse and abuse of opioids, they are still considered as indispensable in pain therapy. Currently pharmaceutical research is working on the constant development for new drugs with less severe effects and a high analgesic potency

Farmacovigilancia en México

Pharmacovigilance is the activity related with the detection, evaluation, understanding and prevention of adverse events, adverse reactions or the suspection of these, of events supposedly attributable to vaccination or immunization; or any other safety problem related with the use of drugs and vaccines. The aim of this study is to present a review on the pharmacovigilance work carried out in Mexico and the current problems it faces. In this regard, a systematic review was carried out in bibliographic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Science), a documentary analysis in public magazines and documented information by the World Health Organization, the Federal Commission for the Protection Against Sanitary Risks (COFEPRIS) and the National Pharmacovigilance Centre (CNFV). In Mexico, Pharmacovigilance starts at the end of the 1980s, and in 1995 is when the National Pharmacovigilance Centre was created after 68 events of suspected adverse drug reaction were reported. Almost a decade after, Pharmacovigilance acquires greater interest due to outreach and education campaigns, resulting in an increase in notifications received in the National Pharmacovigilance Centre in 2005 with 7 950 reports of suspected adverse reactions, and by 2013 were received 35 386 reports. Nowadays, the main challenge is the improvement in the quality of information in these reports. In the last year, 49.3 % of the reports were grade 2 and 0.67 % were grade 3. Notifications with insufficient information are of little use to set a precedent of it or give proper follow up to an adverse reaction to a drug. Results shown that the tasks of promoting Pharmacovigilance in the country have been successful; however, there is a need to work on refining the documentation of the whole process.La farmacovigilancia es la actividad relacionada con la detección, evaluación, comprensión y prevención de los eventos adversos, de las reacciones adversas o de las sospechas de estas, de los eventos supuestamente atribuibles a la vacunación o inmunización, o de cualquier otro problema de seguridad relacionado con el uso de los medicamentos y vacunas. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una reseña sobre la labor de farmacovigilancia realizada en México y las problemáticas actuales a las que se enfrenta. Para ello se realizó una revisión sistemática en bases de datos bibliográficas (PubMed/MEDLINE y Science), un análisis documental de revistas y documentos establecidos por la OMS, la Comisión Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios (COFEPRIS) y el Centro Nacional de Farmacovigilancia (CNFV). La farmacovigilancia se inicia desde 1989 en México; en 1995 se crea el Centro Nacional de Farmacovigilancia, con un reporte de 68 eventos de sospechas de reacciones adversas al medicament. Una década después, la farmacovigilancia adquiere una mayor importancia debido a las campañas de divulgación y educación y al alza en 2005 de notificaciones recibidas en el Centro Nacional de Farmacovigilancia, con 7 950 reportes; en 2013 se recibieron un total de 35 386 reportes de posible reacción adversa a medicamentos. El reto es mejorar la calidad de la información. En el último año los reportes grado 2 representaron el 49,3 % y los de grado 3 el 0,67 %. Un reporte con información incompleta resulta de poca utilidad para sentar un precedente de esta o para dar continuidad adecuada a un reporte de sospecha de reacción adversa a medicamentos (SRAM). Las tareas de promoción de actividades en la farmacovigilancia en el país, han sido satisfactorios, sin embargo, es preciso trabajar en el perfeccionamiento de la documentación de todo el proceso

Expression and Association of Hsp70, Hsp90 and p53 Thermal Shock Proteins in Breast Cancer

Introducción: En México, el cáncer de mama es la primera causa de muerte en mujeres. En el desarrollo del cáncer de mama, participan las proteínas de estrés térmico (Hsp); En particular la Hsp27, Hsp70 y Hsp90 que aseguran la sobrevida de las células cancerosas, y en algunos casos de cáncer de mama, se forman complejos de Hsp70 y Hsp90 con p53. P53 interviene en la regulación del ciclo celular y en la apoptosis, donde más del 50% de los tumores humanos contiene mutaciones de este gen, permitiendo que las células anormales proliferen dando como resultado cáncer. Objetivo: Analizar en muestras de cáncer de mama, la expresión y asociación de las proteínas Hsp70, Hsp90 y P53. Material y métodos: Se obtuvieron 15 muestras de tejido mamario mediante biopsia y/o cirugía (11 con cáncer de mama, 3 alteraciones de la mama y 1 control negativo), donde se analizó la expresión y asociación de las proteínas Hsp70, 90 y p53 mediante inmunoprecipitación, Western Blot-ECL. Resultados: Las proteínas Hsp70, Hsp90 y p53 se expresaron en todas las muestras de tejido mamario canceroso, siendo mayor la expresión de Hsp70 seguido de p53 y en menor cantidad la Hsp90, y al analizar su asociación, se encontró a la Hsp70 con Hsp90 y p53, en 6 muestras. Así mismo, en alteraciones de la glándula mamaria, se encontró una mayor expresión de Hsp70. Conclusiones: Las proteínas Hsp70, Hsp90 y p53 se sobreexpresan en tejido canceroso, y se asocian entre ellas en 66.6% de las muestras analizadas

Virulence Genes and Phylogenetic Group in Isolates of Escherichia Coli Pathogenic Avian

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) shares virulence attributes with strains of E. coli that cause extraintestinal infections in humans and it is considered that it could cause a zoonosis; therefore, the objective of this work was to determine prevalence in a group of APEC isolates of twelve genes associated with virulence as well as identifying the phylogenetic groups to which they belong. According to the results it was found that one of the isolates harbors 91.6% of the virulence genes analyzed and that most of these have between 7 and 8 of these genes. feoB and iss had the highest prevalence with 95.6% and the genes related to iron acquisition were present in more than 60% of APEC, while those of the ibeA invasin and vat toxin were those that were detected with the lowest prevalence The results showed the great genetic diversity of APEC isolates and suggest that bacterial systems of iron acquisition, as well as those related to resistance to host are fundamental virulence factors in these bacteria, however, the presence The rest of the virulence genes is important, since it provides valuable information for the development of vaccines against avian colibacilosis. It was determined that a high percentage of APEC belongs to the phylogenetic group B1 group from which mainly commensal and pathogenic E. coli strains derive, this result strengthens findings on the evolution of pathogens through the acquisition of virulence genes through the horizontal route.Escherichia coli patogénica aviar (APEC) comparte atributos de virulencia con cepas de E. coli causantes de infecciones extraintestinales en humanos y se considera que pudiera ocasionar una zoonosis por lo cual el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar en un grupo de aislados de APEC la prevalencia de doce genes asociados a la virulencia así como identificar los grupos filogenéticos a los que pertenecen. De acuerdo a los resultados se encontró que uno de los aislados alberga el 91.6% de los genes de virulencia analizados y que la mayoría de estos tiene entre 7 y 8 de estos genes. feoB e iss tuvieron la mayor prevalencia con un 95.6% y los genes relacionados con la adquisición de hierro estuvieron presentes en más del 60% de APEC, mientras que los de la invasina ibeA y de la toxina vat fueron los que se detectaron con la menor prevalencia. Los resultados mostraron la gran diversidad genética de los aislados APEC y sugieren que los sistemas bacterianos de adquisición de hierro, así como los relacionados con la resistencia a los mecanismos de defensa del hospedero son factores de virulencia fundamentales en estas bacterias, sin embargo, la presencia del resto de genes de virulencia es importante, ya que proporciona información valiosa para el desarrollo de vacunas contra la colibacilosis aviar. Se determinó que un alto porcentaje de APEC pertenece al grupo filogenético B1 grupo del que derivan principalmente cepas de E. coli comensales y patogénicas intestinales, este resultado fortalece hallazgos sobre la evolución de patógenos a través de la adquisición de genes de virulencia mediante la vía horizontal

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Lactating Mice and Rats: A Systematic Review of Breastfeeding Experiments

Cadmium (Cd) is a widely spread pollutant in the environment and its identification in human breast milk has caused concern. Children are particularly vulnerable, since their detoxification mechanism is not fully developed and their organs still being formed. Human- and animal-based studies demonstrate health issues and adverse pregnancy outcomes related to prenatal and postnatal Cd exposure. However, investigations of the effects, mechanisms, and treatments are still required. Thus, this systematic review compiled studies of Cd effects on lactating mice and rats focusing on experimental features and reported effects. The search was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), using PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases. After identification, screening, and inclusion process 52 research articles were recovered and data, such as animal strain, metal compound, dose or concentration, administration route, exposure time, litter size normalization, lactation days, organs or samples examined, and effects reported were organized in tables. Three general schemes of Cd exposure on dams were identified: pregnancy, lactation, or pregnancy-lactation. The effects evaluated included neurotoxicity, sexual maturation, biochemical parameters, and Cd transfer and retention. Experimental features most common were Cd exposure during the pregnancy–lactation scheme and Cd administration by drinking water, while the most evaluated effect on offspring was Cd-neurotoxicity

Effects of Cadmium Exposure on Lactating Mice and Rats: A Systematic Review of Breastfeeding Experiments

Cadmium (Cd) is a widely spread pollutant in the environment and its identification in human breast milk has caused concern. Children are particularly vulnerable, since their detoxification mechanism is not fully developed and their organs still being formed. Human- and animal-based studies demonstrate health issues and adverse pregnancy outcomes related to prenatal and postnatal Cd exposure. However, investigations of the effects, mechanisms, and treatments are still required. Thus, this systematic review compiled studies of Cd effects on lactating mice and rats focusing on experimental features and reported effects. The search was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA), using PubMed, SciELO, and ScienceDirect databases. After identification, screening, and inclusion process 52 research articles were recovered and data, such as animal strain, metal compound, dose or concentration, administration route, exposure time, litter size normalization, lactation days, organs or samples examined, and effects reported were organized in tables. Three general schemes of Cd exposure on dams were identified: pregnancy, lactation, or pregnancy-lactation. The effects evaluated included neurotoxicity, sexual maturation, biochemical parameters, and Cd transfer and retention. Experimental features most common were Cd exposure during the pregnancy–lactation scheme and Cd administration by drinking water, while the most evaluated effect on offspring was Cd-neurotoxicity