Textual genre, diachrony and attitudes towards a syntactic change. A porplus movemente verbs

El trabajo analiza, con base en un amplio corpus de los siglos xix y xx, de prensa, de literatura, de gramáticas y de diccionarios, la diacronía pormenorizada de la secuencia preposicional a por con verbos de movimiento, característica del español peninsular. El estudio muestra que el origen de la innovación prepositiva corresponde al primer tercio del siglo xix, que progresivamente se produjo un incremento paulatino y sostenido a lo largo de esa centuria, pero que la generalización de a por debe situarse a mediados del siglo xx. El trabajo hace explícito cómo el género textual condicionó, de manera decidida, tanto el origen, como la progresión, cuanto la generalización del cambio.This paper analyzes the diachrony of the Spanish prepositional construction a por, literally ‘to + for’, in a large corpus, composed of old journals, literature, grammars, and dictionaries. The corpus goes from the beginnings of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century. The analysis shows that the origin and the progression of the prepositional innovation happened in the 19th century, but the generalization of the change took place in the middle of the 20th century. The paper shows that the textual genre was a decisive factor in the origin, progression and the generalization of the new structure

APLICACIÓN DEL BARCODING AL MANEJO Y CONSERVACIÓN DE PECES Y SUS SUBPRODUCTOS EN LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA

Were generated and deposited in Genbank Nucleic acid sequences of the COI gene of 207 species of fish commercialized in the human and ornamental markets. Subsequently, the nucleotide sequences were used as a basis for comparison in the specific identification of: i) larvae of catfish collected in three hydrological basins (Ucayali, Napo and Marañón), showing to be a much safer alternative to morphological and morphometric studies; ii) of fingerlings of dubious morphological identity in the export processes, showing that The specific identity of saltón blanco B. filamentosum and santón negro B. capapretum juvenile assigned a priori by the extractors was wrong and iii) subproducts of Amazonian fish, showing the high degrees of substitution in fresh fillets. The generation of these sequences bank allowed us to propose protocols based on molecular characterization of the species, which we think will contribute to the modernization of the system of inspection and monitoring of the commercialization of fish (ornamental and consumer), allowing policy makers greater control both in the area of commercialization and sustained management and conservation in the fishing sector in the Peruvian Amazon.Fue generado y depositado en el GenBank secuencias nucleotidicas del gen COI de 207 especies de peces comercializados en los mercados de consumo y ornamental en la Amazonia peruana. Posteriormente este banco de secuencias nucleotídicas fueron utilizadas como base de comparación en la identificación específica exitosa de: i) larvas de bagres colectadas en tres cuencas hidrológicas (Ucayali, Napo y Marañón), mostrando ser una alternativa mucho más segura que las determinaciones mediante análisis morfológico o morfométrico; ii) de alevinos de identidad morfológica dudosa en los procesos de exportación, mostrando que la identidad específica de juveniles de saltón blanco B. filamentosun y saltón negro B. capapretum asignada a priori por los extractores era equivocada y iii) subproductos de peces amazónicos, lo que permitió mostrar los altos grados de sustitución en filete fresco. La generación de estos banco de secuencias nos permitió proponer protocolos basados en caracterización molecular de las especies, lo que pensamos contribuirá a la modernización del sistema de fiscalización y monitoreo de la comercialización de los peces (ornamentales y de consumo), permitiéndole los decisoras de política un mayor control tanto en el área de comercialización como de manejo sostenido y conservación en el sector pesquero en la Amazonía peruana

Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates

Aim: To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period: Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied: Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 9.55 cm. Location: Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods: We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results: Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions: The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types

Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora

Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution

Consistent patterns of common species across tropical tree communities

Trees structure the Earth’s most biodiverse ecosystem, tropical forests. The vast number of tree species presents a formidable challenge to understanding these forests, including their response to environmental change, as very little is known about most tropical tree species. A focus on the common species may circumvent this challenge. Here we investigate abundance patterns of common tree species using inventory data on 1,003,805 trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm across 1,568 locations1,2,3,4,5,6 in closed-canopy, structurally intact old-growth tropical forests in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. We estimate that 2.2%, 2.2% and 2.3% of species comprise 50% of the tropical trees in these regions, respectively. Extrapolating across all closed-canopy tropical forests, we estimate that just 1,053 species comprise half of Earth’s 800 billion tropical trees with trunk diameters of at least 10 cm. Despite differing biogeographic, climatic and anthropogenic histories7, we find notably consistent patterns of common species and species abundance distributions across the continents. This suggests that fundamental mechanisms of tree community assembly may apply to all tropical forests. Resampling analyses show that the most common species are likely to belong to a manageable list of known species, enabling targeted efforts to understand their ecology. Although they do not detract from the importance of rare species, our results open new opportunities to understand the world’s most diverse forests, including modelling their response to environmental change, by focusing on the common species that constitute the majority of their trees.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Sensitivity of South American tropical forests to an extreme climate anomaly

This is the final version. Available on open access from Nature Research via the DOI in this recordData availability: Publicly available climate data used in this paper are available from ERA5 (ref. 64), CRU ts.4.03 (ref. 65), WorldClim v2 (ref. 66), TRMM product 3B43 V7 (ref. 67) and GPCC, Version 7 (ref. 68). The input data are available on ForestPlots42.Code availability R code for graphics and analyses is available on ForestPlots42.The tropical forest carbon sink is known to be drought sensitive, but it is unclear which forests are the most vulnerable to extreme events. Forests with hotter and drier baseline conditions may be protected by prior adaptation, or more vulnerable because they operate closer to physiological limits. Here we report that forests in drier South American climates experienced the greatest impacts of the 2015–2016 El Niño, indicating greater vulnerability to extreme temperatures and drought. The long-term, ground-measured tree-by-tree responses of 123 forest plots across tropical South America show that the biomass carbon sink ceased during the event with carbon balance becoming indistinguishable from zero (−0.02 ± 0.37 Mg C ha−1 per year). However, intact tropical South American forests overall were no more sensitive to the extreme 2015–2016 El Niño than to previous less intense events, remaining a key defence against climate change as long as they are protected

Unraveling Amazon tree community assembly using Maximum Information Entropy: a quantitative analysis of tropical forest ecology

In a time of rapid global change, the question of what determines patterns in species abundance distribution remains a priority for understanding the complex dynamics of ecosystems. The constrained maximization of information entropy provides a framework for the understanding of such complex systems dynamics by a quantitative analysis of important constraints via predictions using least biased probability distributions. We apply it to over two thousand hectares of Amazonian tree inventories across seven forest types and thirteen functional traits, representing major global axes of plant strategies. Results show that constraints formed by regional relative abundances of genera explain eight times more of local relative abundances than constraints based on directional selection for specific functional traits, although the latter does show clear signals of environmental dependency. These results provide a quantitative insight by inference from large-scale data using cross-disciplinary methods, furthering our understanding of ecological dynamics

Unraveling Amazon tree community assembly using Maximum Information Entropy: a quantitative analysis of tropical forest ecology

In a time of rapid global change, the question of what determines patterns in species abundance distribution remains a priority for understanding the complex dynamics of ecosystems. The constrained maximization of information entropy provides a framework for the understanding of such complex systems dynamics by a quantitative analysis of important constraints via predictions using least biased probability distributions. We apply it to over two thousand hectares of Amazonian tree inventories across seven forest types and thirteen functional traits, representing major global axes of plant strategies. Results show that constraints formed by regional relative abundances of genera explain eight times more of local relative abundances than constraints based on directional selection for specific functional traits, although the latter does show clear signals of environmental dependency. These results provide a quantitative insight by inference from large-scale data using cross-disciplinary methods, furthering our understanding of ecological dynamics

Author correction: One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains

In the version of the article initially published, the affiliation of Edgardo Manuel Latrubesse was incorrect and has now been amended to Environmental Sciences Graduate Program-CIAMB, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil in the HTML and PDF versions of the article