Repenser la didactique du français dans sa mission d'intégration en classe d'initiation (CLIN)

National audienceIn the French educational system for primary school, the special classroom that welcomes immigrant children is called CLIN. It occurred to us that CLIN needs to consider and make the most of the different languages spoken by these immigrant children. This article aims at redefining the specificity of this classroom whose purpose is to help the children to reach a certain level of fluency in French and thus follow an ordinary education with French children.La classe d'initiation a besoin de se doter d'une didactique en faveur des élèves dont les appartenances langagières sont multiples . Cet article se propose de redéfinir la spécificité de cette classe dont la vocation est de dispenser un enseignement du français dans la perspective d'une intégration scolaire. C'est en réinterrogeant les différentes didactiques constituées du français (FLM/FLS/FLE) que seront esquissées les limites d'une didactique composite pour ouvrir sur une piste transversale, fondée sur un courant de recherche canadien d'une part et sur la démarche d'observation réfléchie de la langue à l'école d'autre part, dans la perspective d'établir une didactique du français à l'école élémentaire qui soit cohérente par rapport aux objectifs définis dans les programmes

Multilingual and monolingual children in the primary-level language classroom: individual differences and perceptions of foreign language learning

Existing research suggests that being multilingual may convey advantages for additional language learning. However, little research to date has examined the role of multiple languages in primary-school classroom settings and in foreign language learning in particular. We investigated the learning of French by children with English as an additional language (EAL) aged 8–9 in England. The EAL children and their monolingual peers were tested on their achievement in French, their metalinguistic awareness and associative memory. Their attitudes to languages and language learning were assessed. Two French classes were observed and teachers interviewed in order to document their approach to teaching French to a mixed-language class and their perceptions of the multilingual nature of the classroom. Our findings suggest that the EAL children’s multilingualism is not drawn upon as a potentially facilitative tool. English appears to be the only medium and the primary aim of instruction, with other languages assigned a subordinate role. The EAL children performed similarly to their monolingual peers on all measures, with level of English correlated with most measures. We argue that while an egalitarian treatment of all children is clearly desirable, it would be equally desirable to utilise the presence of other languages as a resource

Diferenciación morfológica y molecular en el complejo Rhodymenia corallina (Rhodymeniaceae, Rhodophyta) de Perú central

Siete especies de Rhodymenia han sido registradas para la costa de Perú, donde seis de ellas crecen en la costa central: R. corallina, R. howeana, R. multidigitata, R. flabellifolia, R. skottsbergii y R. californica. La más conflictiva taxonómicamente es R. corallina, de la cual se han segregado R. howeana y R. multidigitata, solo en base a caracteres morfológicos externos (forma del estipe y hábito de la fronda). Recolecciones recientes e intensivas de este complejo de especies en la costa central del Perú (9°S hasta 15°S) han permitido reunir varios morfotipos, evidenciando la alta variabilidad morfológica presente, que dificulta el poder diferenciar cada uno de los taxones involucrados. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue esclarecer la taxonomía de este complejo mediante la combinación de datos morfológicos, tanto vegetativos como reproductivos, y de secuencias genéticas utilizando los marcadores rbcL y COI-5P. Especímenes de Callao, localidad tipo de R. howeana y R. multidigitata, fueron analizados molecularmente junto con material de la costa central (Casma hasta Marcona, 9-15°S) y norte de Perú (Piura, 6°S), así como del norte chico de Chile (Coquimbo, 30°S), resolviendo dos grupos de Rhodymenia: un primer grupo filogenético asociado a R. corallina de Chile (Coquimbo, 30°S), distribuido a lo largo de toda la costa central peruana (Casma hasta Marcona, 9-15°S) y un segundo grupo restringido a la costa norte de Perú (Piura a Casma, 6-9°S). Estos grupos se diferencian en caracteres de la morfología externa y reproductiva. Basado en características del soro tetrasporangial, se reconoce a R. howeana para el norte del Perú

Involvement of Arabidopsis BIG protein in cell death mediated by Myo- Inositol homeostasis

International audienc

Temperature Effects on Gametophyte Life-History Traits and Geographic Distribution of Two Cryptic Kelp Species

A major determinant of the geographic distribution of a species is expected to be its physiological response to changing abiotic variables over its range. The range of a species often corresponds to the geographic extent of temperature regimes the organism can physiologically tolerate. Many species have very distinct life history stages that may exhibit different responses to environmental factors. In this study we emphasized the critical role of the haploid microscopic stage (gametophyte) of the life cycle to explain the difference of edge distribution of two related kelp species. Lessonia nigrescens was recently identified as two cryptic species occurring in parapatry along the Chilean coast: one located north and the other south of a biogeographic boundary at latitude 29–30°S. Six life history traits from microscopic stages were identified and estimated under five treatments of temperature in eight locations distributed along the Chilean coast in order to (1) estimate the role of temperature in the present distribution of the two cryptic L. nigrescens species, (2) compare marginal populations to central populations of the two cryptic species. In addition, we created a periodic matrix model to estimate the population growth rate (λ) at the five temperature treatments. Differential tolerance to temperature was demonstrated between the two species, with the gametophytes of the Northern species being more tolerant to higher temperatures than gametophytes from the south. Second, the two species exhibited different life history strategies with a shorter haploid phase in the Northern species contrasted with considerable vegetative growth in the Southern species haploid stage. These results provide strong ecological evidence for the differentiation process of the two cryptic species and show local adaptation of the life cycle at the range limits of the distribution. Ecological and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Etude des processus de spéciation associés à une zone de transition biogéographique : exemple de l'algue brune Lessonia nigrescens

Understanding the mechanisms that limit the natural range of species distribution is a major challenge in biodiversity, because it falls within the descripti on of global change and the analysis of its evoluti on. Using a combination of both ecological and genetic approaches, this thesis aimed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the origin of the distribution of genetic diversity, and those that contribute to their maintenance in the brown algae Lessonia nigrescens. This large brown alga (kelp) forms veritable forests and dominates the intertidal rocky shore along the Chilean coast. The first objective of this thesis was to study the phylogeography of this species, and compared it with that of the phylogenetically closest species, Lessonia trabeculata, which is present at the subtidal level. Through an approach that used markers from each of the genomic compartment, it has been revealed a concordance between the biogeographic transition zone described at 30°S and a major discontinuity in L. nigrescens, whereas L. trabeculata did not show such any genetic structuring. The combination of the phylogeographic approach with population genetics have shown that the two lineages described in L. nigrescens constitute cryptic species, reproductively isolated and, although have overlapping distributio n ranges, they are never observed in sympatry. In order to better understand the processes acting in the contact zone, reciprocal transplants and response to temperature experiments were made. The results show that the distribution of these cryptic species along the Chilean coast is undoubtedly under the effect of some environmental factors. However, the absence of sympatry at a local scale cannot be explained without including mechanisms linked to reproductive isolation and/or a competitive interaction between both species. Moreover, the presence of cryptic species having distinct ecological niches has a direct consequence on the management of the natural resource. Particularly, the species distributed northern of the 30°S (PP species) seems to have a high risk of extinction, because of the important anthropic and natural perturbations at which it is exposed.Le travail réalisé au cours de cette thèse s'intègre dans la problématique générale de l'étude des processus de spéciation, en prenant comme espèces modèles de grandes algues brunes marines (Ordre des Laminariales, appelées " kelps "). Ces algues forment de véritables forêts dans les eaux tempérées froides et ont une importance économique, pour l'industrie des alginates et pour la récolte d'invertébrés marins vivant dans ces forêts. Malgré leur importance écologique et économique, et leur grande diversité en nombre d'espèces dans certaines régions du monde, les mécanismes favorisant la spéciation et contribuant à l'isolement reproducteur ont été très peu étudiés chez ces espèces. Mon travail de thèse a permis de mettre en évidence l'existence de deux espèces cryptiques au sein du complexe " Lessonia nigrescens " le long des côtes chiliennes. Je me suis tout d'abord attachée à comprendre l'histoire des deux taxa, et à discuter les différentes hypothèses à l'origine de cette spéciation. Ensuite, je me suis intéressée aux mécanismes qui permettent actuellement le maintien de l'intégrité des espèces cryptiques de L. nigrescens, en particulier dans la région de contact entre leurs aires de distribution

Etude des processus de spéciation associés à une zone de transition biogéographique (exemple de l algue brune Lessonia nigrescens)

PARIS-BIUSJ-Physique recherche (751052113) / SudocROSCOFF-Observ.Océanol. (292393008) / SudocSudocFranceChileFRC