Effets des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques sur les stades précoces de poissons modèles : développement de bioessais et étude comparée de mélanges

Most persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are hydrophobic and therefore accumulate over time in aquatic sediments. In this context, tests were performed on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes embryos and prolarvae to study the toxicity of these contaminants. Artificial sediment and new integrative endpoints including DNA integrity and swimming activity were developed to improve reproducibility and sensitivity of the tests. These bioassays were applied to the toxicity assessment of three PAH mixtures: a pyrolytic extract and two petrogenic extracts from Arabian Light and Erika oils. The three PAH mixtures were spiked onto sediment or gravel at environmental relevant concentrations. Embryonic exposure to these contaminated matrices induced alteration of gene expressions involved in mitochondrial functions, vitamin A metabolism, DNA damages and hormone synthesis. In parallel, these mixtures induced teratogenicity, alteration of swimming activity and genotoxicity. The toxicity potency and spectrum of effects differed according to PAH mixture composition. The petrogenic mixtures, with high proportions of low molecular weight PAHs and alkylated PAHs, were more toxic to fish early life stages than the pyrolytic mixture, mainly composed of high molecular weight PAHs non substituted. Comparable results were obtained with Japanese medaka and rainbow trout early life stages.La majorité des polluants organiques persistants, tels que les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), sont hydrophobes et de ce fait s’accumulent au cours du temps dans les sédiments aquatiques. Dans ce contexte, des tests ont été mis en œuvre sur embryons et pro-larves de truite arc-en-ciel Oncorhynchus mykiss et de médaka japonais Oryzias latipes pour étudier la toxicité de ces contaminants. Un sédiment artificiel et de nouveaux critères d’effets sur l’intégrité de l’ADN et l’activité natatoire ont été développés pour améliorer la reproductibilité et la sensibilité des tests. Ces bioessais ont été appliqués à la comparaison de la toxicité de trois mélanges de HAP : un extrait pyrolytique et deux extraits issus d’un pétrole léger Arabian Light et lourd de type Erika. Les trois mélanges de HAP ont été enrobés sur un sédiment artificiel ou sur des graviers à des concentrations comparables à celles retrouvées dans l’environnement. L’exposition des embryons à ces matrices contaminées a provoqué des perturbations de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans le fonctionnement mitochondrial, le métabolisme de la vitamine A, la formation de dommages à l’ADN ainsi que la synthèse d’hormones. Parallèlement ces mélanges ont induit des effets tératogènes, des perturbations de l’activité natatoire et des effets génotoxiques. Le degré de toxicité et le spectre d’effets induits étaient différents selon la composition des mélanges testés. Les mélanges pétrogéniques présentant une forte proportion en HAP de faibles poids moléculaires et HAP alkylés, se sont avérés plus toxiques envers les jeunes stades de développement de poissons que le mélange pyrolytique, composé en majorité de HAP à hauts poids moléculaires non substitués. Des résultats comparables ont été obtenus avec les modèles médaka japonais et truite arc-en-ciel

Mixture effects of oxygenated PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene on cardiovascular development and function in zebrafish embryos

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs), are common environmental pollutants known to cause health effects in humans and wild-life. In particular, vertebrate cardiovascular development and function are sensitive to PACs. However, the interactive effects of PAHs and oxy-PAHs on cardiovascular endpoints have not been well studied. In this study, we used zebrafish embryos (ZFEs) as a model to examine developmental and cardiovascular toxicities induced by the three environmental oxy-PAHs benzo[a]fluorenone (BFLO), 4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthren-4-one (4H-CPO) and, 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (6H-BPO), and the PAH benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) either as single exposures or binary oxy-PAH + PAH mixtures. 6H-BPO induced developmental and cardiovascular toxicity, including reduced heartbeat rate and blood flow, at lower doses compared to the other compounds. Exposure to binary mixtures generally caused enhanced toxicity and induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-regulated gene expression (ahr2 and cyp1a) compared to single compound exposure. This was associated with differential expression of genes involved in cardiovascular development and function including atp2a2, myh6, tbx5 and zerg. AhR-knock-down significantly reduced the cardiovascular toxicity of 6H-BPO and its binary mixture with BaP indicating a significant AhR-dependence of the effects. Measurements of internal concentrations showed that the toxicokinetics of BaP and 6H-BPO were altered in the binary mixture compared to the single compound exposure, and most likely due to CYP1 inhibition by 6H-BPO. Altogether, these data support that similar to interactions between PAHs, mixtures of PAHs and oxy-PAHs may cause increased developmental and cardiovascular toxicity in ZFEs through an AhR-dependent mechanism

Zebrafish models for human acute organophosphorus poisoning

Terrorist use of organophosphorus-based nerve agents and toxic industrial chemicals against civilian populations constitutes a real threat, as demonstrated by the terrorist attacks in Japan in the 1990 s or, even more recently, in the Syrian civil war. Thus, development of more effective countermeasures against acute organophosphorus poisoning is urgently needed. Here, we have generated and validated zebrafish models for mild, moderate and severe acute organophosphorus poisoning by exposing zebrafish larvae to different concentrations of the prototypic organophosphorus compound chlorpyrifos-oxon. Our results show that zebrafish models mimic most of the pathophysiological mechanisms behind this toxidrome in humans, including acetylcholinesterase inhibition, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation, and calcium dysregulation as well as inflammatory and immune responses. The suitability of the zebrafish larvae to in vivo high-throughput screenings of small molecule libraries makes these models a valuable tool for identifying new drugs for multifunctional drug therapy against acute organophosphorus poisoning

Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on early life stages of model fish : development of bioessay and comparative study of mixtures

La majorité des polluants organiques persistants, tels que les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), sont hydrophobes et de ce fait s’accumulent au cours du temps dans les sédiments aquatiques. Dans ce contexte, des tests ont été mis en œuvre sur embryons et pro-larves de truite arc-en-ciel Oncorhynchus mykiss et de médaka japonais Oryzias latipes pour étudier la toxicité de ces contaminants. Un sédiment artificiel et de nouveaux critères d’effets sur l’intégrité de l’ADN et l’activité natatoire ont été développés pour améliorer la reproductibilité et la sensibilité des tests. Ces bioessais ont été appliqués à la comparaison de la toxicité de trois mélanges de HAP : un extrait pyrolytique et deux extraits issus d’un pétrole léger Arabian Light et lourd de type Erika. Les trois mélanges de HAP ont été enrobés sur un sédiment artificiel ou sur des graviers à des concentrations comparables à celles retrouvées dans l’environnement. L’exposition des embryons à ces matrices contaminées a provoqué des perturbations de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans le fonctionnement mitochondrial, le métabolisme de la vitamine A, la formation de dommages à l’ADN ainsi que la synthèse d’hormones. Parallèlement ces mélanges ont induit des effets tératogènes, des perturbations de l’activité natatoire et des effets génotoxiques. Le degré de toxicité et le spectre d’effets induits étaient différents selon la composition des mélanges testés. Les mélanges pétrogéniques présentant une forte proportion en HAP de faibles poids moléculaires et HAP alkylés, se sont avérés plus toxiques envers les jeunes stades de développement de poissons que le mélange pyrolytique, composé en majorité de HAP à hauts poids moléculaires non substitués. Des résultats comparables ont été obtenus avec les modèles médaka japonais et truite arc-en-ciel.Most persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are hydrophobic and therefore accumulate over time in aquatic sediments. In this context, tests were performed on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes embryos and prolarvae to study the toxicity of these contaminants. Artificial sediment and new integrative endpoints including DNA integrity and swimming activity were developed to improve reproducibility and sensitivity of the tests. These bioassays were applied to the toxicity assessment of three PAH mixtures: a pyrolytic extract and two petrogenic extracts from Arabian Light and Erika oils. The three PAH mixtures were spiked onto sediment or gravel at environmental relevant concentrations. Embryonic exposure to these contaminated matrices induced alteration of gene expressions involved in mitochondrial functions, vitamin A metabolism, DNA damages and hormone synthesis. In parallel, these mixtures induced teratogenicity, alteration of swimming activity and genotoxicity. The toxicity potency and spectrum of effects differed according to PAH mixture composition. The petrogenic mixtures, with high proportions of low molecular weight PAHs and alkylated PAHs, were more toxic to fish early life stages than the pyrolytic mixture, mainly composed of high molecular weight PAHs non substituted. Comparable results were obtained with Japanese medaka and rainbow trout early life stages

Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on early life stages of model fish : development of bioessay and comparative study of mixtures

La majorité des polluants organiques persistants, tels que les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), sont hydrophobes et de ce fait s’accumulent au cours du temps dans les sédiments aquatiques. Dans ce contexte, des tests ont été mis en œuvre sur embryons et pro-larves de truite arc-en-ciel Oncorhynchus mykiss et de médaka japonais Oryzias latipes pour étudier la toxicité de ces contaminants. Un sédiment artificiel et de nouveaux critères d’effets sur l’intégrité de l’ADN et l’activité natatoire ont été développés pour améliorer la reproductibilité et la sensibilité des tests. Ces bioessais ont été appliqués à la comparaison de la toxicité de trois mélanges de HAP : un extrait pyrolytique et deux extraits issus d’un pétrole léger Arabian Light et lourd de type Erika. Les trois mélanges de HAP ont été enrobés sur un sédiment artificiel ou sur des graviers à des concentrations comparables à celles retrouvées dans l’environnement. L’exposition des embryons à ces matrices contaminées a provoqué des perturbations de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans le fonctionnement mitochondrial, le métabolisme de la vitamine A, la formation de dommages à l’ADN ainsi que la synthèse d’hormones. Parallèlement ces mélanges ont induit des effets tératogènes, des perturbations de l’activité natatoire et des effets génotoxiques. Le degré de toxicité et le spectre d’effets induits étaient différents selon la composition des mélanges testés. Les mélanges pétrogéniques présentant une forte proportion en HAP de faibles poids moléculaires et HAP alkylés, se sont avérés plus toxiques envers les jeunes stades de développement de poissons que le mélange pyrolytique, composé en majorité de HAP à hauts poids moléculaires non substitués. Des résultats comparables ont été obtenus avec les modèles médaka japonais et truite arc-en-ciel.Most persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are hydrophobic and therefore accumulate over time in aquatic sediments. In this context, tests were performed on rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes embryos and prolarvae to study the toxicity of these contaminants. Artificial sediment and new integrative endpoints including DNA integrity and swimming activity were developed to improve reproducibility and sensitivity of the tests. These bioassays were applied to the toxicity assessment of three PAH mixtures: a pyrolytic extract and two petrogenic extracts from Arabian Light and Erika oils. The three PAH mixtures were spiked onto sediment or gravel at environmental relevant concentrations. Embryonic exposure to these contaminated matrices induced alteration of gene expressions involved in mitochondrial functions, vitamin A metabolism, DNA damages and hormone synthesis. In parallel, these mixtures induced teratogenicity, alteration of swimming activity and genotoxicity. The toxicity potency and spectrum of effects differed according to PAH mixture composition. The petrogenic mixtures, with high proportions of low molecular weight PAHs and alkylated PAHs, were more toxic to fish early life stages than the pyrolytic mixture, mainly composed of high molecular weight PAHs non substituted. Comparable results were obtained with Japanese medaka and rainbow trout early life stages

Gene expression patterns and related enzymatic activities of detoxification and oxidative stress systems in zebrafish larvae exposed to the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide

The present study aims to assess the effects of 2,4-D herbicide on biotransformation and oxidative stress status of zebrafish larvae. Animals were exposed to a range of sublethal concentrations (0.02–0.8 mg/L) and biomarkers at transcriptomic level and biochemical level were assessed. Chemical analysis with showed that the bioaccumulation of 2,4-D in 96 hpf zebrafish larvae were increased in a concentration-dependent manner. This herbicide induced significant effects at both gene expression and enzymatic activities levels after at 96 hpf. Results of mRNA expression showed a differential transcription regulation with all target genes depending on the tested concentrations. The mRNA level of gsr and cyp1a were up regulated at the highest dose of herbicide (0.8 mg/L). The gene expression of gstp1 showed an up regulation at lower dose (0.02 mg/L) and a down regulation at the highest dose (0.8 mg/L) of 2,4-D. A significant induction of EROD activity and inhibition of GST activity were noted in groups exposed to 0.8 mg/L of 2,4-D. Considering the antioxidant defenses, the activity of CAT was increased in larvae exposed to 0.8 mg/L of herbicide and GPx activity was induced at lower doses of 2,4-D (0.02 and 0.051 mg/L). Moreover, peroxidative damage, assessed as MDA content, was markedly increased in larvae exposed to high 2,4-D concentration. Overall, the present study data indicate that bioaccumulation of 2,4-D in 96 hpf zebrafish larvae and alterations in detoxification and oxidative stress related parameters, likely associated with ROS production, which may endanger the embryo-larval stages development of fish.publishe

Direct exposure to PAH-spiked gravels induces developmental defects in <em>Oncorhynchus mykiss</em> early life stages

International audienc

Comparative effects of three PAH fractions from light and heavy crude oils and from a PAH-contaminated sediment on Oryzias latipes Japanese medaka early life stages

International audienc

Developmental toxicity of PAH mixtures in fish early life stages. Part I: adverse effects in rainbow trout

A new gravel-contact assay using rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, embryos was developed to assess the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other hydrophobic compounds. Environmentally realistic exposure conditions were mimicked with a direct exposure of eyed rainbow trout embryos incubated onto chemical-spiked gravels until hatching at 10 °C. Several endpoints were recorded including survival, hatching delay, hatching success, biometry, developmental abnormalities, and DNA damage (comet and micronucleus assays). This bioassay was firstly tested with two model PAHs, fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene. Then, the method was applied to compare the toxicity of three PAH complex mixtures characterized by different PAH compositions: a pyrolytic extract from a PAH-contaminated sediment (Seine estuary, France) and two petrogenic extracts from Arabian Light and Erika oils, at two environmental concentrations, 3 and 10 μg g−1 sum of PAHs. The degree and spectrum of toxicity were different according to the extract considered. Acute effects including embryo mortality and decreased hatching success were observed only for Erika oil extract. Arabian Light and pyrolytic extracts induced mainly sublethal effects including reduced larvae size and hemorrhages. Arabian Light and Erika extracts both induced repairable DNA damage as revealed by the comet assay versus the micronucleus assay. The concentration and proportion of methylphenanthrenes and methylanthracenes appeared to drive the toxicity of the three PAH fractions tested, featuring a toxic gradient as follows: pyrolytic < Arabian Light < Erika. The minimal concentration causing developmental defects was as low as 0.7 μg g−1 sum of PAHs, indicating the high sensitivity of the assay and validating its use for toxicity assessment of particle-bound pollutants

Influence of sediment composition on PAH toxicity using zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryo-larval assays

International audienceDue to hydrophobic and persistent properties, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have a high capacity to accumulate in sediment. Sediment quality criteria, for the assessment of habitat quality and risk for aquatic life, include understanding the fate and effects of PAHs. In the context of European regulation (REACH and Water Framework Directive), the first objective was to assess the influence of sediment composition on the toxicity of two model PAHs, benzo[a]pyrene and fluoranthene using 10 day-zebrafish embryo-larval assay. This procedure was undertaken with an artificial sediment in order to limit natural sediment variability. A suitable sediment composition might be then validated for zebrafish and proposed in a new OECD guideline for chemicals testing. Second, a comparative study of toxicity responses from this exposure protocol was then performed using another OECD species, the Japanese medaka. The potential toxicity of both PAHs was assessed through lethal (e.g. survival, hatching success) and sublethal endpoints (e.g. abnormalities, PMR and EROD) measured at different developmental stages, adapted to the embryonic development time of both species. Regarding effects observed for both species, a suitable artificial sediment composition for PAH toxicity testing was set at 92.5 % dw silica of 0.2-0.5 mm grain size, 5 % dw kaolin clay without organic matter for zebrafish and 2.5 % dw blond peat in more only for Japanese medaka. PAH bioavailability and toxicity were highly dependent on the fraction of organic matter in sediment and of the Kow coefficients of the tested compounds. The biological responses observed were also dependent of the species under consideration. Japanese medaka embryos appeared more robust than zebrafish embryos for understanding the toxicity of PAHs due to the longer exposure duration and it lower sensitivity of sediment physical properties