Monitor de Eventos Arrítmicos do Marcapasso: Comparaçao com Monitorizaçao Contínua (Holter)

Introduçao: o Holter é o método diagnóstico com maior sensibilidade e especificidade para determinar os eventos arrítmicos. O uso do próprio sistema de estimulaçao como instrumento confiável de diagnóstico de arritmias cardíacas tem sido pouco relatado na literatura. Objetivo: analisar comparativamente os registros dos eventos arrítmicos realizados pelo marcapasso e Holter de 24 horas. Métodos: foram analisados 43 portadores de marcapasso Guidant da linha Pulsar Max câmara única e dupla, com idade variando entre 45 a 90 anos (média 71 anos) no período de janeiro de 2001 até junho de 2002. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à monitorizaçao pelo Holter de 24 horas e aos registros simultâneos pelo marcapasso. Foram analisados e comparados os seguintes parâmetros: registro de taquicardias atriais e ventriculares, número de batimentos estimulados e presença de extra-sístoles. Resultados: a correlaçao entre os eventos registrados pelo Holter e marcapasso foi encontrada somente em relaçao ao número de batimentos cardíacos estimulados e à presença de extra-sístoles (pConclusao: o marcapasso possui um sistema de armazenamento de eventos arrítmicos considerado eficiente apenas para documentaçao de números de extra-sístole e batimentos estimulados

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Comparative study of transhiatal and transthoracic thoracoscopic esophagectomy results in adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction

O tratamento cirúrgico do adenocarcinoma da junção esofagogástrica (AJEG) ainda é controverso, particularmente, em relação à sobrevida e complicações pós-operatórias. Com o advento da cirurgia minimamente invasiva e toracoscopia, houve um aumento da linfadenectomia e menores complicações, entretanto seu impacto na sobrevida do AEGJ é pouco conhecido. Objetivos: Comparar a esofagectomia por via transtorácica por toracoscopia (grupo A) com esofagectomia por via transhiatal (grupo B) em pacientes com AJEG em relação a ocorrência de complicações e mortalidade; número de linfonodos ressecados, acometidos e relação ressecados e acometidos; sobrevidas global e livre de doença; e sobrevida após recidiva. Métodos: Foram selecionados 147 pacientes entre 2000 e 2016. Cento e trinta (88%) do sexo masculino, média de idade de 64 anos. Os dados epidemiológicos (idade, sexo, índice de massa corpórea, ECOG e antecedentes pessoais) foram avaliados e comparados entre os grupos. As complicações pós-operatórias (fistula cervical, quilotorax, complicações respiratórias, rouquidão e infecções cirúrgicas) foram avaliadas. O estadiamento anátomo-patológico foi avaliado pela 7a. edição AJCC, analisando os linfonodos ressecados, acometidos e a relação de ressecados e acometidos. Foram feitas análises da sobrevivência global, livre de doença, e após recidiva; além de análise multivariada de fatores relacionados à sobrevida. Resultados: Em relação aos dados epidemiológicos, o grupo A apresentava uma média de idade de 61,1 anos e grupo B, de 65,7 anos (p=0,009). Dos 54 pacientes do grupo A, 47 (87,0%) foram submetidos a tratamento neoadjuvante, contra 43 (46,3%) dos 93 pacientes do grupo B (p < 0,001). Em relação às complicações, o grupo A apresentou maior ocorrência de rouquidão e infecções cirúrgicas. Em relação à mortalidade, o grupo A apresentou dois casos (3,7%) e grupo B apresentou quatro (4,3%), sem diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos A e B quanto à localização topográfica do tumor, grau histológico, pT, pN, estádio, extensão do tumor, invasão linfática, venosa e perineural. No grupo A, a média de linfonodos ressecados foi 31,88 linfonodos e no grupo B 20,73 linfonodos (p < 0,001); entretanto a média de linfonodos acometidos no grupo A foi 3,96 linfonodos e no grupo B 4,25 linfonodos, sem diferença estatística, bem como a razão ressecados acometidos. A sobrevida global geral foi 42,3%, nos grupo A, 38,9% e no grupo B, 7,6% (p=0,298). Na análise multivariada da sobrevida global somente a invasão linfática (p=0,005), diabetes mellitus (p=0,038) e infecção cirúrgica (p=0,001) foram significantes. A sobrevida livre de doença geral foi 45,6%, no grupo A 40% e grupo B 46% (p=0,77) e, na multivariada, somente a invasão linfática (p=0,01) e o diabetes mellitus (p=0,049) foram significantes. Entretanto nos tumores com estádio até 2B a sobrevida global do grupo A foi 80,4% e do grupo B, 38,5% (p=0,001). A sobrevida após recidiva foi melhor na recidiva pulmonar, seguida pela hepática ou mediastinal e peritoneal (p=0,001). Conclusão: Ambos os métodos são seguros com taxas de morbidade e mortalidade semelhantes. A esofagectomia por toracoscopia permite uma ressecção maior do número de linfonodos. As sobrevidas globais e livres de doença são semelhantes, entretanto até o estádio 2B a esofagectomia por toracoscopia melhora a sobrevida global. Diabetes e invasão linfática interferem na sobrevida global e livre de doençaThe surgical treatment of adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction surgical treatment (AGEJ) is still controversial, particularly concerning to survival and postoperative complications. With the advent of minimally invasive surgery and thoracoscopy, there has been an increase in lymphadenectomy and less complications, however its impact on survival of AGEJ is still unknown. Objectives: To compare transthoracic thoracoscopic esophagectomy (group A) with transhiatal esophagectomy (group B) in patients with AGEJ in relation to the occurrence of complications and mortality; number of ressected lymph nodes, the positive and the ratio between the ressected and positive; overall and disease free survival; and survival after relapse. Methods: There was a selection of 147 patients from 2000 to 2016. One hundred and thirty (88%) were male, the average age was 64 years old. Epidemiological data (age, sex, body mass index, ECOG and past medical history) were analyzed and compared between the groups. Postoperative complications (cervical fistulae, chylothorax, respiratory complications, hoarseness and surgical infections) were evaluated. The anatomopathological staging was evaluated by the 7th UICC edition, analyzing the resected lymph nodes, the affected and the ratio between the resected and affected. Analysis of overall survival, disease free survival and survival after relapse were made, besides multivariate analysis of survival related factors. Results: In relation to the epidemiological data, group A presented an average age of 61.1 years, and group B of 65.7 years (p=0.009). 47 (87.0%) of the 54 patients in group A were submitted to neoadjuvant treatments, against 43 (46.3%) of the 93 patients in group B (p < 0.001). In relation to the complications, group A presented greater occurrence of hoarseness and surgical infections. In relation to mortality, group A presented 2 cases (3.7%) and group B presented 4 (4.3%), without statistical difference. There was no statistical difference between groups A and B about topographic location of the tumor, histologic grade, pT, pN, stage, tumor extension, lymphatic, venous or perineural invasion. In group A, the average number of ressected lymph nodes was 31.88 and in group B was 20.73 (p < 0.001), however the average number of affected lymph nodes was 3.96 in group A and 4.25 in group B, without statistical difference, as well as the ratio between ressected and affected lymph nodes. The general overall survival was 42.3%, in group A was 38.9% and in group B was 47.6% (p=0.298). In the multivariate analysis of overall survival only lymphatic invasion (p=0.005), diabetes mellitus (p=0.038) and surgical infection (p- 0.001) were significant. The general disease free survival was 45.6%, in group A was 40% and in group B was 46% (p=0.77) and in multivariate analysis only lymphatic invasion (p=0.01) and diabetes mellitus (p=0.049) were significant. However, in tumors with stage until 2B, group A overall survival was 80.4% and group B was 38.5% (p=0.001). Survival after relapse was better in pulmonary relapse, followed by hepatic or mediastinal and peritoneal (p=0.001). Conclusion: Both methods are safe with similar morbidity and mortality rates. Transthoracic thoracoscopic esophagectomy allows a larger ressection in the number of lymph nodes. Overall survival and disease free survival are similar, however until stage 2B thoracoscopic esophagectomy improves overall survival. Diabetes and lymphatic invasion interfere in overall and disease free surviva

Esophageal cancer surgery: review of complications and their management

Esophagectomy, even with the progress in surgical technique and perioperative management, is a highly specialized surgery, associated with a high rate of complications. Early recognition and adequate treatment should be a standard of care for the most common postoperative complications: anastomotic leakage, pneumonia, atrial fibrillation, chylothorax, and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. Recent progress in endoscopy with vacuum and stent placement, or in radiology with embolization, has changed the management of these complications. The success of nonoperative treatments should be frequently reassessed and reoperation must be proposed in case of failure. We have summarized the clinical signs, diagnostic process, and management of the frequent complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

Coledocolit&#xED;ase: análise do tratamento videolaparoscópico

CONTEXT: About 9% of the Brazilian population has gallstones and the incidence increases significantly with aging. The choledocholithiasis is found around 15% of these patients, and a third to half of these cases presented as asymptomatic. Once the lithiasis in the common bile duct is characterized through intraoperative cholangiography, the laparoscopic surgical exploration can be done through the transcystic way or directly through choledochotomy. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and outcomes of the laparoscopic treatment of common bile duct lithiasis. METHODS: Seventy consecutive patients were evaluated. They prospectively underwent the treatment of the lithiasis in the common bile duct and the exploration ways were compared according to the following parameters: criteria on their indication, success in the clearance, surgical complications. It was verified that about ½ of the choledocholithiasis carriers did not show any expression of predictive factors (clinical antecedents of jaundice and/or acute pancreatitis, compatible sonographic data and the pertaining lab tests). The laparoscopic exploration through the transcystic way is favored when there are no criteria for the practice of primary choledochotomy, which are: lithiasis in the proximal bile duct, large (over 8 mm) or numerous calculi (multiple calculosis). RESULTS: The transcystic way was employed in about 50% of the casuistic and the choledochotomy in about 30%. A high success rate (around 80%) was achieved in the clearance of the common bile duct stones through laparoscopic exploration. The transcystic way, performed without fluoroscopy or choledochoscopy, attained a low rate of success (around 45%), being 10% of those by transpapilar pushing of calculi less than 3 mm. The exploration through choledochotomy, either primary or secondary, if the latter was performed after the transcystic route failure, showed high success rate (around 95%). When the indication to choledochotomy was primary, the necessity for choledochoscopy through choledochotomy to help in the removal of the calculi was 55%. However, when choledochotomy was performed secondarily, in situations where the common bile duct diameter was larger than 6 mm, the use of choledochoscopy with the same purpose involved about 20% of the cases. There was no mortality in this series. CONCLUSION: The laparoscopic exploration of the common bile duct was related to a low rate of morbidity. Therefore, the use of laparoscopy for the treatment of the lithiasis in the common bile duct depends on the criteria for the choice of the best access, making it a safe procedure with very good results

Esophageal cancer surgery: review of complications and their management

Esophagectomy, even with the progress in surgical technique and perioperative management, is a highly specialized surgery, associated with a high rate of complications. Early recognition and adequate treatment should be a standard of care for the most common postoperative complications: anastomotic leakage, pneumonia, atrial fibrillation, chylothorax, and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. Recent progress in endoscopy with vacuum and stent placement, or in radiology with embolization, has changed the management of these complications. The success of nonoperative treatments should be frequently reassessed and reoperation must be proposed in case of failure. We have summarized the clinical signs, diagnostic process, and management of the frequent complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer