Mapping the online songbird trade in Indonesia

Wildlife trade, when unsustainable, can be an important threat to biodiversity conservation. In this contribution, we explored the use of digital data to investigate the online market for songbirds in Indonesia, where keeping pet songbirds is a deeply rooted cultural practice. We examined the spatial characteristics of three dimensions of the songbird trade using data from online sources: birdwatchers’ sightings as a proxy for the supply of the songbird market, small advertisements from an online marketplace platform, representing the trade itself and its transactions, and videos by pet songbird owners to represent the demand side of the songbird market. We found that, geographically, these three stages of the songbird supply chain did not overlap, which potentially hints at the roles extended transport networks and commercial captive breeding play for the songbird trade. The trade was not confined to major cities but spread out through the country, indicating both a possible democratisation of the trade (i.e. a larger group of sellers, and consumers selling to consumers) and an opportunity to observe previously covert parts of the trade. We further found that the asking prices on online marketplaces were significantly higher than the prices stated in an independently carried out consumer survey, and discuss possible reasons. Data from digital sources can give rich insights into the spatial, temporal and taxonomic structure of wildlife trade, can help understand the motivations of buyers and sellers, and can help direct wildlife trade towards a more sustainable fashion. Our methodology toolbox that allows automatic and continuous monitoring of online marketplaces and includes data preparation and cleaning, and follows the highest standards of data privacy principles, is openly available.Peer reviewe

IMPETUS: Implementing HELP in the Upper Ouémé basin

Regional climate models that take into account land-use changes indicate that in the future, a general decrease in rainfall, together with prominent surface heating, can be expected for sub-Saharan Africa and the region north of the Sahara until 2050. Due to high population growth, land use changes rapidly and influences water availability and water demand. In this context, the research project IMPETUS (‘An Integrated Approach to the Efficient Management of Scarce Water Resources in West Africa’) offers a range of options for sustainable management of different components of the hydrological cycle. Target areas are the Ouémé basin in Benin and the Drâa catchment in Morocco. This paper concentrates on the Ouémé basin.Based on plausible scenarios of future economic, demographic, and climate developments, the effects of land use, land cover change, climate change, and demographic development on water availability and water demand are quantified. Scenarios of future water availability and water demand for the Upper Ouémé (Benin) catchment are discussed. To calculate water availability, the output of a regional climate model was linked to a hydrological model that also considered land use change calculated by a cellular automata model. Future water requirements were computed by linking population growth and per capita water demand, which was derived from a regional survey. Furthermore, the need for water for animal husbandry was considered.The results of the ‘business as usual’ scenario, combined with IPCC Scenarios A1B and B2, through the year 2045 are presented. The results reveal a significant decrease in water availability (surface water and groundwater) due to a decrease in rainfall and a significant increase in evapotranspiration. Although total water consumption increases strongly, it represents only about 0.5% of the yearly renewable water resources. Comparing these data, it may be concluded that water scarcity is not a problem in Benin. However, water availability shows high temporal variations due to the rainy and the dry seasons. Even if physical water scarcity is not a limiting factor, access to water in some parts of the catchment is limited due to economic factors.Keywords: HELP, IMPETUS, Benin, Morocco, Decision Support Systems, global change, information systems, loosely coupled models, problem clusters, scenario development, water availability, water deman

Speckle-visibility spectroscopy of depolarized dynamic light scattering

We show that the statistical analysis of photon counts in depolarized dynamic light scattering experiments allows for the accurate characterization of the rotational Brownian dynamics of particles. Unlike photon correlation spectroscopy, the technique is accurate even at low temporal resolution and enables discontinuous data acquisition, which offers several advantages. To demonstrate the usefulness of the method, we present a case study in which we analyze aqueous suspensions of tunicate cellulose nanocrystals and silica particles, and discuss aspects that are specific to particle sizing

Consequences of recreational hunting for biodiversity conservation and livelihoods

The widespread activity of recreational hunting is proposed as a means of conserving nature and supporting livelihoods. However, recreational hunting-especially trophy hunting-has come under increasing scrutiny based on ethical concerns and the arguments that it can threaten species and fail to contribute meaningfully to local livelihoods. We provide an overview of the peer-reviewed literature on recreational hunting of terrestrial birds and mammals between 1953 and 2020 (> 1,000 papers). The most-studied species are large mammals from North America, Europe, and Africa. While there is extensive research on species' ecology to inform sustainable hunting practices, there is comparably little research on the role of local perceptions and institutions in determining socioeconomic and conservation outcomes. Evidence is lacking to answer the pressing questions of where and how hunting contributes to just and sustainable conservation efforts. We outline an agenda to build this evidence base through research that recognizes diverse social-ecological contexts.Peer reviewe

Engagement 2.0. Vom passiven Wahrnehmen zum aktiven Nutzen neuer Kommunikationstechnologien

Im vorliegenden Beitrag beschreiben die Autoren einen seit zwei Jahren am Bundesinstitut für Erwachsenenbildung situierten Kurs, der engagierte Menschen in die Kommunikationstechniken und -werkzeuge im sogenannten Web 2.0 einführt. Als "politische Kommunikation" betrachten sie alle öffentlichkeitswirksamen bzw. zielgruppenbezogenen Aktivitäten für Anliegen, die im Selbstbewusstsein der AkteurInnen als öffentlich, als Interessen der Allgemeinheit oder aber auch als moralische Ansprüche an die Gesellschaft verstanden werden. Den Abschluss des Beitrages bildet der Ausblick auf eine im Entstehen befindliche Webcommunity der AbsolventInnen des Kurses. (DIPF/Orig.)The authors of the present article describe a course at the Austrian Federal Institute of Adult Education (bifeb) that has introduced dedicated people to Web 2.0 communication technologies and tools for the last two years. For the authors, “political communication” represents all public-oriented and target group related activities surrounding matters that are considered to be public in the self-awareness of those involved, interests of the general public or also moral demands on society. The end of the article provides a panorama of the web community that is being created by the course graduates. (DIPF/Orig.

Digital data sources and methods for conservation culturomics

Peer reviewe