Inside the hybrid organization: An organizational level view of responses to conflicting institutional demands

This paper explores organizational responses to conflicting institutional demands. An inductive comparative case study of four social enterprises that scaled their organization while embedded in competing social welfare and commercial logics suggests that, when facing competing organizational templates imposed by their institutional environment, organizations attempt to strike a balance at the organizational level by adopting a combination of intact practices from both logics instead of balancing at the practice level by resorting to strategies such as decoupling. In addition, we find an important legitimating effect of founding origins: in a sector where the social welfare logic is ultimately predominant, organizations originating from the social sector benefited from an a priori legitimacy capital, which allowed them to borrow freely from both social and commercial practices. In contrast, organizations emanating from the commercial sector, suffering from an a priori legitimacy deficit, had to display their conformity with social templates in order to secure their acceptance in the field and therefore adopted predominantly social practices. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of hybrid organizations and point to the founding origins of organizations as an important determinant of the pattern of hybridization strategies.

Inside the hybrid organization: An organizational level view of responses to conflicting institutional demands

ESSEC Working paper. Document de Recherche ESSEC / Centre de recherche de l'ESSEC ISSN : 1291-9616 WP 1101This paper explores organizational responses to conflicting institutional demands. An inductive comparative case study of four social enterprises that scaled their organization while embedded in competing social welfare and commercial logics suggests that, when facing competing organizational templates imposed by their institutional environment, organizations attempt to strike a balance at the organizational level by adopting a combination of intact practices from both logics instead of balancing at the practice level by resorting to strategies such as decoupling. In addition, we find an important legitimating effect of founding origins: in a sector where the social welfare logic is ultimately predominant, organizations originating from the social sector benefited from an a priori legitimacy capital, which allowed them to borrow freely from both social and commercial practices. In contrast, organizations emanating from the commercial sector, suffering from an a priori legitimacy deficit, had to display their conformity with social templates in order to secure their acceptance in the field and therefore adopted predominantly social practices. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of hybrid organizations and point to the founding origins of organizations as an important determinant of the pattern of hybridization strategies

Myrmecophily and Myrmecophagy of Attacobius lavape (Araneae: Corinnidae) on Solenopsis saevissima (Hymenoptera: Myrmicinae)

Attacobius lavape, a small spider from the Corinnidae family, has been recently described living inside a fire ant colony of Solenopsis saevissima species in the municipality of Morrinhos, south region of the Goiás State, Brazil. Yet several aspects of this spider relationship with the host ant remain unknown. In this way, we performed an extension study to determine its local (Morrinhos) and regional (latitudinal transect) occurrence. We also investigated if the spider uses the host ant as a feeding source. For this, we established arenas with a known number of young and adult ant individuals plus one spider and observed the feeding rate for some determined time. Regarding local distribution, differently from most socially parasitic myrmecophiles, A. lavape showed high local infestation, being found in 47% of the colonies in the sites where the spider occurred, and high transmission, being found in 42% of the 12 collection sites. Regionally, among the 11 study sites, this species only occurred in the municipality of Morrinhos, but its distribution still needs to be verified in the north region. Attacobius lavape consumed eggs, larvae and pupae, confirming that the myrmecophily was explained by myrmecophagy. The spiders consumed eggs (not estimated), 4.45 ± 2.14 larvae and/or 3 ± 0.87 pupae per day. Considering that the mean abundance was approximately seven spiders per colony (extent 1-23), we foresee an impact of 35 larvae and/or 21 pupae consumed per day in each hosting colony. The possibility of consuming sexual eggs, larvae and pupae classifies A. lavape as a potential agent of biological control of S. saevissima

Development and Mechanical Characterization of Ni-Cr Alloy Foam Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Electroplating Coating Technique

Metal foams and alloy foams are a novel class of engineering materials and have numerous applications because of their properties such as high energy absorption, light weight and high compressive strength. In the present study, the methodology adopted to develop a Ni-Cr alloy foam is discussed. Polyurethane (PU) foam of 40PPI (parts per inch) pore density was used as the precursor and coating techniques such as electroless nickel plating (ELN), ultrasonic-assisted electroplating of nickel (UAEPN), and pack cementation or chromizing were used to develop the Ni-Cr alloy foam. The surface morphology, strut thickness and minimum weight gain after each coating stage were evaluated. It was observed from the results that the adopted coating techniques did not damage the original ligament cross-section of the PU precursor. The minimum weight gain and the coating thickness after the UAEPN process were observed to be 42 g and 40–60 μm, respectively. The properties such as porosity percentage, permeability and compressive strength were evaluated. Finally, the pressure drop through the developed foam was estimated and verified to determine whether the developed foam can be used for filtering applications.Filipe Fernandes acknowledges the CEMMPRE (UIDB/00285/2020) and ARISE (LA/P/0112/2020) projects, sponsored by national funds through the FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia

Eficácia de desinfetantes para inativar o vírus da influenza A H1N1 isolado de suínos

The aim of this study was to access the efficacy of four disinfectants to inactivate influenza A [H1N1] 0 hour and 72 hours after disinfectant dilution. A pandemic H1N1 influenza virus isolated from a pig with respiratory disease was used to obtain inoculums containing 6.4log10 EID50/mL; 5.4log10 EID50/mL; 4.4log10 EID50/mL and 3.4log10 EID50/mL. Suspension test was composed of 400μL of viral inoculum, 100μL of organic load and 500μL of each individually diluted disinfectant and incubated for ten minutes of contact time. After a neutralizing step, each mixture was filtered on a 0.22μm membrane and 0.2mL was inoculated in six 9-day-old embryo chicken egg through allantoic route. The allantoic fluid from eggs was harvest for RT-PCR and hemagglutination test. The experiment was repeated 72 hours after disinfectant dilution. On the first assessment with fresh disinfectant, influenza virus was inactivated by oxidizing compost disinfectant and phenolic disinfectant in all virus concentrations, the quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and glutaraldehyde association inactivated the virus up to a concentration of 5.4log10 EID50/mL. QAC disinfectant did not eliminate virus viability. Seventy-two hours after disinfectants were diluted, oxidizing compost disinfectant and QAC and glutaraldehyde association disinfectant demonstrated the same result as the evaluation with fresh disinfectant solution. Phenolic disinfectant inactivated viral inoculum up to a concentration of 5.4log10 EID50/mL. QAC had no effect on inactivating 3.4log10 EID50/ mL of influenza virus. In conclusion, three of the four disinfectants tested were effective to inactivate pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in the presence of organic load. Test result performed 72hours after disinfectant dilution suggest a decrease in the effectiveness of one disinfectant.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de quatro desinfetantes em inativar o vírus da influenza A [H1N1] 0-hora e 72-horas após a diluição dos produtos. Um vírus H1N1 pandêmico isolado previamente de um suíno com doença respiratória foi utilizado e foram obtidas quatro concentrações de inóculo contendo 6,4log10 EID50/mL; 5,4log10 EID50/mL; 4,4log10 EID50/mL and 3,4log10 EID50/mL. Para compor o teste em suspensão foram adicionados 400μL de inóculo viral, 100μL de matéria orgânica e 500μL de cada desinfetante diluído individualmente e a mesma foi incubada por 10 minutos. Após a etapa neutralizante, a suspensão foi filtrada em membrana 0,22μm e 0,2mL foi inoculado em seis ovos de galinha embrionados de nove dias de incubação, via rota alantóide. O fluido alantóide foi colhido após 72 horas para testes de hemaglutinação e RT-PCR. O mesmo protocolo experimental foi repetido usando as soluções desinfetantes 72 horas após a diluição. O vírus da influenza foi inativado pelo composto oxidante e também pelo desinfetante fenólico em todas as concentrações virais testadas 0-hora após diluição. O desinfetante com associação de amônia quaternária e glutaraldeído inativou o vírus na concentração de até 5,4log10 EID50/mL. O desinfetante à base de amônia quaternária não inativou o vírus. Os resultados 72-horas após a diluição não diferiram quando comparado com 0-hora, exceto o desinfetante fenólico, o qual inativou o vírus da influenza somente até a concentração 5,4log10 EID50/mL. Concluindo, três dos quatro desinfetantes testados foram efetivos ao inativar o vírus da influenza [H1N1] pandêmico na presença de matéria orgânica. Os resultados do teste com produtos diluídos após 72 horas sugerem redução da efetividade em, pelo menos, um desinfetante

The ecological origins of snakes as revealed by skull evolution

The ecological origin of snakes remains amongst the most controversial topics in evolution, with three competing hypotheses: fossorial; marine; or terrestrial. Here we use a geometric morphometric approach integrating ecological, phylogenetic, paleontological, and developmental data for building models of skull shape and size evolution and developmental rate changes in squamates. Our large-scale data reveal that whereas the most recent common ancestor of crown snakes had a small skull with a shape undeniably adapted for fossoriality, all snakes plus their sister group derive from a surface-terrestrial form with non-fossorial behavior, thus redirecting the debate toward an underexplored evolutionary scenario. Our comprehensive heterochrony analyses further indicate that snakes later evolved novel craniofacial specializations through global acceleration of skull development. These results highlight the importance of the interplay between natural selection and developmental processes in snake origin and diversification, leading first to invasion of a new habitat and then to subsequent ecological radiations.Peer reviewe

Quantifying microsatellite mutation rates from intestinal stem cell dynamics in Msh2-deficient murine epithelium

Microsatellite sequences have an enhanced susceptibility to mutation and can act as sentinels indicating elevated mutation rates and increased risk of cancer. The probability of mutant fixation within the intestinal epithelium is dictated by a combination of stem cell dynamics and mutation rate. Here we exploit this relationship to infer microsatellite mutation rates. First a sensitive, multiplexed and quantitative method for detecting somatic changes in microsatellite length was developed that allowed the parallel detection of mutant [CA]n sequences from hundreds of low-input tissue samples at up to 14 loci. The method was applied to colonic crypts in Mus musculus and enabled detection of mutant subclones down to 20% of the cellularity of the crypt (around 50 of 250 cells). By quantifying age-related increases in clone frequencies for multiple loci, microsatellite mutation rates in wild-type and Msh2- deficient epithelium were established. An average 388-fold increase in mutation per mitosis rate was observed in Msh2-deficient epithelium (2.4 x10-2) compared to wild- type epithelium (6.2 x10-5)

Combined image and genomic analysis of high-grade serous ovarian cancer reveals PTEN loss as a common driver event and prognostic classifier.

BACKGROUND: TP53 and BRCA1/2 mutations are the main drivers in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). We hypothesise that combining tissue phenotypes from image analysis of tumour sections with genomic profiles could reveal other significant driver events. RESULTS: Automatic estimates of stromal content combined with genomic analysis of TCGA HGSOC tumours show that stroma strongly biases estimates of PTEN expression. Tumour-specific PTEN expression was tested in two independent cohorts using tissue microarrays containing 521 cases of HGSOC. PTEN loss or downregulation occurred in 77% of the first cohort by immunofluorescence and 52% of the validation group by immunohistochemistry, and is associated with worse survival in a multivariate Cox-regression model adjusted for study site, age, stage and grade. Reanalysis of TCGA data shows that hemizygous loss of PTEN is common (36%) and expression of PTEN and expression of androgen receptor are positively associated. Low androgen receptor expression was associated with reduced survival in data from TCGA and immunohistochemical analysis of the first cohort. CONCLUSION: PTEN loss is a common event in HGSOC and defines a subgroup with significantly worse prognosis, suggesting the rational use of drugs to target PI3K and androgen receptor pathways for HGSOC. This work shows that integrative approaches combining tissue phenotypes from images with genomic analysis can resolve confounding effects of tissue heterogeneity and should be used to identify new drivers in other cancers.This work was supported by Cancer Research UK [grant numbers A15601, A17197,A16561, A10124]; the University of Cambridge; National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre and Academic Clinical Fellowship scheme (FCM); Cambridge Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre and Hutchison Whampoa Limited. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.This is the final published version. It first appeared at http://genomebiology.com/2014/15/12/526

Research Notes : United States : Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in soybean

We are using vertical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Davis, 1964) and a staining system modified after Beauchamp and Fridovich (1971) to study superoxide dismutase polymorphisms in the subgenus soja. This staining system generates superoxide radical; hence, it is specific for SOD activity. We re-solve up to 9 SOD bands in dry or germinating soybean cotyledons, and in leaves

Long short-term memory stacking model to predict the number of cases and deaths caused by COVID-19

info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio