Determinants of share-based compensation plans in Central and Eastern European public companies: An institutional analysis

This paper discusses the adoption of share-based compensation plans among Central and Eastern European (CEE) public companies composing major national stock exchange indices in Poland (WIG 20), the Czech Republic (PX) and Hungary (BUX). The analysis shows that the spread of such pay practices depends on the characteristics of major shareholders of the company, the state and foreign parent companies being the most prominent influencing factors. The results are discussed in the light of the legal environment in respective countries.Im Zentrum des vorliegenden Artikels stehen aktienbasierte Vergütungspläne in mittel- und osteuropäischen (MOE) Aktiengesellschaften, die in den nationalen Leitindizes in Polen (WIG 20), der Tschechischen Republik (PX) und Ungarn (BUX) vertreten sind. Die Analyse zeigt, dass die Verbreitung dieser Praktiken wesentlich von den Charakteristika der Hauptaktionäre der Unternehmen abhängt. Hier stellen der Staat und die ausländischen Unternehmen die wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren dar. Die Ergebnisse der Studie werden vor dem Hintergrund des regulativen Kontextes in den jeweiligen Ländern diskutiert

Vertikale Arbeitsmarktsegmentation nach dem Geschlecht - ein neoinstitutionalistischer Erklärungsversuch am Beispiel Deutschlands und Schwedens

Auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt lassen sich trotz gestiegener Erwerbsneigung und erhöhtem Bildungsniveau von Frauen nach wie vor vertikale Segmentationsmuster nach dem Geschlecht beobachten. Dies ist in anderen Ländern wie beispielsweise Schweden nur in einem geringeren Ausmaß der Fall. Der vorliegende Beitrag verdeutlicht die Situation anhand vergleichender empirischer Untersuchungen im deutschen und skandinavischen Bankensektor. Um den Ursachen der festgestellten länderspezifischen Unterschiede nachzugehen, wird als theoretische Basis der Neoinstitutionalismus mit seinem Fokus auf die jeweiligen institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und deren Einfluss auf Unternehmen herangezogen. Beispielhaft erfolgt ein Vergleich der für geschlechtsspezifische Segmentationsmuster relevanten gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen und deren mögliche Auswirkungen in Deutschland und Schweden. Im Ergebnis lässt sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen den analysierten institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen und dem länderspezifisch unterschiedlichen Umgang der Unternehmen mit geschlechtsspezifischer Arbeitsmarktsegmentation postulieren. Dies hat Implikationen für die Wissenschaft und Praxis.Despite the increased female labour participation and the rising level of women's education, vertical gender-based labour market segmentation can still be observed in Germany. This phenomenon does not occur to the same extent in countries such as Sweden. This paper takes the example of the banking sector and compares the results of empirical studies conducted in German and Scandinavian banks. Based on the perspective of new institutionalism, the country-specific variations in vertical labour market segmentation are explained as resulting from the different institutional settings in Germany and Sweden. Taking the relevant governmental regulations as an example, the paper analyses the mechanisms of adaptation processes of organisations. The analysis confirms the suggested relationship between the respective institutional settings in the relevant organisational fields and different country-specific adaptation mechanisms leading to differences in gender-based vertical labour market segmentation in the two countries of investigation. This has implications for future research as well as for practice

Personenorientierte Koordination internationaler Aktivitäten in Entwicklungs-NGOs: Fallstudienanalyse und Entwicklung eines Bezugsrahmens

Das (Personal-) Management und die Organisation von internationalen Entwicklungs- NGOs sind bisher wenig erforscht. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, Aufschluss darüber zu gewinnen, wie diese Organisationen ihre internationalen Aktivitäten koordinieren und welche Einflussfaktoren hier eine Rolle spielen. Im Fokus stehen dabei die personenorientierten Koordinationsinstrumente. Der vorliegende Beitrag liefert Ergebnisse einer qualitativen empirischen Untersuchung in fünf deutschen international tätigen Entwicklungs- NGOs. Im Ergebnis zeigt sich in diesem Sample erstens die hohe Bedeutung von Entsendungen und persönlicher Interaktionen als Koordinationsmechanismen sowie zweitens, dass die Wahl der personenorientierten Koordinationsmechanismen insbesondere mit den Projektspezifika variiert, während die Aufgabenspezifika nur einen indirekten und die Organisationsspezifika kaum einen Einfluss besitzen. Hieraus ergeben sich Implikationen sowohl für die Praxis als auch für die weitere Forschung.Research on (human resource) management and organizational issues in international development NGOs is scarce. The aim of this paper is to describe and explain how international development NGOs coordinate their international activities and how this depends upon the internal context of the NGOs. The focus is on person-oriented coordination mechanisms. The empirical analysis consists of five case studies which are based on interviews conducted in Germany and Kenya, as well as on documents. The results of this sample show the importance of expatriation and face-to-face interaction as person-oriented coordination mechanisms. Secondly, the usage of person-oriented coordination devices mainly varies with the specifics of the project. Task-related characteristics have only an indirect influence and organization features seem to matter only with respect to size. From these results implications for future research as well as practice in international development NGOs are drawn

Cross-cultural virtual teams are on the rise, but can they communicate effectively?

Cultural differences can create barriers to communication; the lack of physical interaction can make it worse, writes Marion Festin

Does native Trypanosoma cruzi calreticulin mediate growth inhibition of a mammary tumor during infection?

Indexación: Web of Science.Background: For several decades now an antagonism between Trypanosoma cruzi infection and tumor development has been detected. The molecular basis of this phenomenon remained basically unknown until our proposal that T. cruzi Calreticulin (TcCRT), an endoplasmic reticulum-resident chaperone, translocated-externalized by the parasite, may mediate at least an important part of this effect. Thus, recombinant TcCRT (rTcCRT) has important in vivo antiangiogenic and antitumor activities. However, the relevant question whether the in vivo antitumor effect of T. cruzi infection is indeed mediated by the native chaperone (nTcCRT), remains open. Herein, by using specific modified anti-rTcCRT antibodies (Abs), we have neutralized the antitumor activity of T. cruzi infection and extracts thereof, thus identifying nTcCRT as a valid mediator of this effect. Methods: Polyclonal anti-rTcCRT F(ab')(2) Ab fragments were used to reverse the capacity of rTcCRT to inhibit EAhy926 endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, as detected by BrdU uptake. Using these F(ab')(2) fragments, we also challenged the capacity of nTcCRT, during T. cruzi infection, to inhibit the growth of an aggressive mammary adenocarcinoma cell line (TA3-MTXR) in mice. Moreover, we determined the capacity of anti-rTcCRT Abs to reverse the antitumor effect of an epimastigote extract (EE). Finally, the effects of these treatments on tumor histology were evaluated. Results: The rTcCRT capacity to inhibit ECs proliferation was reversed by anti-rTcCRT F(ab')(2) Ab fragments, thus defining them as valid probes to interfere in vivo with this important TcCRT function. Consequently, during infection, these Ab fragments also reversed the in vivo experimental mammary tumor growth. Moreover, anti-rTcCRT Abs also neutralized the antitumor effect of an EE, again identifying the chaperone protein as an important mediator of this anti mammary tumor effect. Finally, as determined by conventional histological parameters, in infected animals and in those treated with EE, less invasive tumors were observed while, as expected, treatment with F(ab')(2) Ab fragments increased malignancy. Conclusion: We have identified translocated/externalized nTcCRT as responsible for at least an important part of the anti mammary tumor effect of the chaperone observed during experimental infections with T. cruzi.http://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12885-016-2764-

Improving transparency and scientific rigor in academic publishing.

Progress in basic and clinical research is slowed when researchers fail to provide a complete and accurate report of how a study was designed, executed, and the results analyzed. Publishing rigorous scientific research involves a full description of the methods, materials, procedures, and outcomes. Investigators may fail to provide a complete description of how their study was designed and executed because they may not know how to accurately report the information or the mechanisms are not in place to facilitate transparent reporting. Here, we provide an overview of how authors can write manuscripts in a transparent and thorough manner. We introduce a set of reporting criteria that can be used for publishing, including recommendations on reporting the experimental design and statistical approaches. We also discuss how to accurately visualize the results and provide recommendations for peer reviewers to enhance rigor and transparency. Incorporating transparency practices into research manuscripts will significantly improve the reproducibility of the results by independent laboratories

Introduction to genetic monitoring

Why should we do genetic monitoring?There is a long history of both documented and anecdotal reports of genetic contamination of strains of laboratory animals. In all cases the results of contamination have resulted in serious damage to research projects. There have been reports of commercial breeders attempting to hide known cases of genetic contamination