Influence of temperature, solvent and pH on the selective extraction of phenolic compounds from tiger nuts by-products: Triple-TOF-LC-MS-MS characterization.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of temperature, solvent (hydroethanolic mixtures) and pH on the recovery of individual phenolic compounds from 'horchata' by-products. These parameters were optimized by response surface methodology and triple-TOF-LC-MS-MS was selected as the analytical tool to identify and quantify the individual compounds. The optimum extraction conditions were 50% ethanol, 35 °C and pH 2.5, which resulted in values of 222.6 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g dry matter and 1948.1 µM trolox equivalent (TE)/g of dry matter for total phenolic content (TPC) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), respectively. The extraction of phenolic compounds by the conventional solvent method with agitation was influenced by temperature (p = 0.0073), and more strongly, by the content of ethanol in the extraction solution (p = 0.0007) while the pH did not show a great impact (p = 0.7961). On the other hand, the extraction of phenolic acids was affected by temperature (p = 0.0003) and by ethanol amount (p < 0.0001) but not by the pH values (p = 0.53). In addition, the percentage of ethanol influenced notably the extraction of both 4-vinylphenol (p = 0.0002) and the hydroxycinnamic acids (p = 0.0039). Finally, the main individual phenolic extracted with hydroethanolic mixtures was 4-vinylphenol (303.3 μg/kg DW) followed by spinacetin3-O-glucosyl-(1→6)-glucoside (86.2 μg/kg DW) and sinensetin (77.8 μg/kg DW)

Recherche de bactéries lactiques autochtones capables de mener la fermentation de fruits tropicaux avec une augmentation de l'activité antioxydante

Lactic acid bacteria are used for the production of large variety of fermented foods in order to enhance shelf-life together with improved organoleptic and nutritional properties. In order to create new functional foods and to reduce fresh product waste, the objectives of my PhD were to develop and characterize fruit or vegetables fermented foods, rich in antioxidants and pleasant for consumers. To reach these goals, my PhD work was split in two steps: 1- characterization of lactic bacteria present on fruits and vegetables grown at Reunion Island and 2- selection of autochthonous bacteria with functional properties. Thus, 77 lactic bacteria from genera Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Weissella, Lactobacillus and Fructobacillus were isolated from papaya, tomato and sliced cabbage from Reunion Island. They were genetically and phenotypically characterized. A huge diversity in term of genetic and phenotypic characteristics was determined. Furthermore, several isolates exhibiting specific technological and functional properties (growth rate, resistance to environmental stress, production of exopolysaccharides) were identified. These isolates, potentially useful for the production of fermented foods, were Weissella cibaria 64 and 30, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides 60 and Lactobacillus plantarum 75. Then, further screening steps were performed on different food substrates (pineapple, mango, papaya, tea infusions) in order to select isolates able to improve antioxidant and organoleptic properties. Two isolates, W. cibaria 64 and Lc. pseudomesenteroides 12b were shown to significantly enhance the phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of Victoria pineapple juice after a 48h-fermentation. The fermented products exhibited a good shelf-life of 16 days without alteration and preserved nutritional benefits. Characteristic odour and tastes were detected in the fermented drinks. The increase in antioxidant activity observed during fermentation was probably the consequence of a depolymerization of phenolic compounds. Further works are required to identify the composition changes over fermentation and to reach a better understanding of the mechanisms involved.Les bactéries lactiques sont utilisées pour la fermentation d'aliments dans le but d'augmenter leur durée de conservation et d'améliorer leurs propriétés organoleptiques et nutritionnelles. Dans le but de diversifier l'offre d'aliments fonctionnels et de limiter les pertes en produit frais, nous proposons des produits fermentés à base de fruits ou légumes, riches en antioxydants et plaisants pour le consommateur. Pour cela, mes travaux de thèse ont été menés en deux étapes : caractériser la flore bactérienne lactique présente à la surface de fruits et de légumes cultivés à La Réunion, puis sélectionner des bactéries autochtones possédant certaines propriétés fonctionnelles. Ainsi, 77 bactéries lactiques isolées de papayes, de tomates et d'achards de la Réunion, appartenant aux genres Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Weissella, Lactobacillus et Fructobacillus ont été caractérisées génétiquement et phénotypiquement. Parmi la grande diversité observée, certains isolats ont présenté des caractéristiques technologiques (conditions et vitesse de croissance, résistance aux stress environnementaux) et fonctionnelles (production d'exo-polysaccharides) intéressantes pour l'élaboration d'aliments fermentés, en particulier les isolats Weissellla cibaria 64 et 30, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides 60 et Lactobacillus plantarum 75. A partir de ces données, des étapes complémentaires de criblage ont été réalisées sur différents substrats (mangue, papaye, ananas, thé vert, thé noir) fermentés, en examinant leurs propriétés organoleptiques et leurs activités antioxydantes. Deux isolats, Lc. pseudomesenteroides 12b et W. cibaria 64, ont augmenté significativement la teneur en composés phénoliques et l'activité antioxydante de jus d'ananas Victoria au cours d'une fermentation de 48h. Le produit fermenté se conserve 16 jours au froid sans aucune altération et conserve l'ensemble de ses bénéfices nutritionnels. Une odeur et des goûts typiques ont été détectés dans les boissons fermentées obtenues. L'augmentation de l'activité antioxydante observée au cours de la fermentation résulte probablement du métabolisme des composés phénoliques par les bactéries. L'identification des molécules produites et des enzymes impliquées est nécessaire afin de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu

Research of indigenous lactic acid bacteria capable of leading the fermentation of tropical fruits with an increase in antioxidant activity

Les bactéries lactiques sont utilisées pour la fermentation d'aliments dans le but d'augmenter leur durée de conservation et d'améliorer leurs propriétés organoleptiques et nutritionnelles. Dans le but de diversifier l'offre d'aliments fonctionnels et de limiter les pertes en produit frais, nous proposons des produits fermentés à base de fruits ou légumes, riches en antioxydants et plaisants pour le consommateur. Pour cela, mes travaux de thèse ont été menés en deux étapes : caractériser la flore bactérienne lactique présente à la surface de fruits et de légumes cultivés à La Réunion, puis sélectionner des bactéries autochtones possédant certaines propriétés fonctionnelles. Ainsi, 77 bactéries lactiques isolées de papayes, de tomates et d'achards de la Réunion, appartenant aux genres Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Weissella, Lactobacillus et Fructobacillus ont été caractérisées génétiquement et phénotypiquement. Parmi la grande diversité observée, certains isolats ont présenté des caractéristiques technologiques (conditions et vitesse de croissance, résistance aux stress environnementaux) et fonctionnelles (production d'exo-polysaccharides) intéressantes pour l'élaboration d'aliments fermentés, en particulier les isolats Weissellla cibaria 64 et 30, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides 60 et Lactobacillus plantarum 75. A partir de ces données, des étapes complémentaires de criblage ont été réalisées sur différents substrats (mangue, papaye, ananas, thé vert, thé noir) fermentés, en examinant leurs propriétés organoleptiques et leurs activités antioxydantes. Deux isolats, Lc. pseudomesenteroides 12b et W. cibaria 64, ont augmenté significativement la teneur en composés phénoliques et l'activité antioxydante de jus d'ananas Victoria au cours d'une fermentation de 48h. Le produit fermenté se conserve 16 jours au froid sans aucune altération et conserve l'ensemble de ses bénéfices nutritionnels. Une odeur et des goûts typiques ont été détectés dans les boissons fermentées obtenues. L'augmentation de l'activité antioxydante observée au cours de la fermentation résulte probablement du métabolisme des composés phénoliques par les bactéries. L'identification des molécules produites et des enzymes impliquées est nécessaire afin de comprendre les mécanismes mis en jeu.Lactic acid bacteria are used for the production of large variety of fermented foods in order to enhance shelf-life together with improved organoleptic and nutritional properties. In order to create new functional foods and to reduce fresh product waste, the objectives of my PhD were to develop and characterize fruit or vegetables fermented foods, rich in antioxidants and pleasant for consumers. To reach these goals, my PhD work was split in two steps: 1- characterization of lactic bacteria present on fruits and vegetables grown at Reunion Island and 2- selection of autochthonous bacteria with functional properties. Thus, 77 lactic bacteria from genera Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Weissella, Lactobacillus and Fructobacillus were isolated from papaya, tomato and sliced cabbage from Reunion Island. They were genetically and phenotypically characterized. A huge diversity in term of genetic and phenotypic characteristics was determined. Furthermore, several isolates exhibiting specific technological and functional properties (growth rate, resistance to environmental stress, production of exopolysaccharides) were identified. These isolates, potentially useful for the production of fermented foods, were Weissella cibaria 64 and 30, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides 60 and Lactobacillus plantarum 75. Then, further screening steps were performed on different food substrates (pineapple, mango, papaya, tea infusions) in order to select isolates able to improve antioxidant and organoleptic properties. Two isolates, W. cibaria 64 and Lc. pseudomesenteroides 12b were shown to significantly enhance the phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of Victoria pineapple juice after a 48h-fermentation. The fermented products exhibited a good shelf-life of 16 days without alteration and preserved nutritional benefits. Characteristic odour and tastes were detected in the fermented drinks. The increase in antioxidant activity observed during fermentation was probably the consequence of a depolymerization of phenolic compounds. Further works are required to identify the composition changes over fermentation and to reach a better understanding of the mechanisms involved

Genetic and technological characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from tropically grown fruits and vegetables

International audienc

Why Are Weissella spp. Not Used as Commercial Starter Cultures for Food Fermentation?

International audienceAmong other fermentation processes, lactic acid fermentation is a valuable process which enhances the safety, nutritional and sensory properties of food. The use of starters is recommended compared to spontaneous fermentation, from a safety point of view but also to ensure a better control of product functional and sensory properties. Starters are used for dairy products, sourdough, wine, meat, sauerkraut and homemade foods and beverages from dairy or vegetal origin. Among lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Streptococcus and Pediococcus are the majors genera used as starters whereas Weissella is not. Weissella spp. are frequently isolated from spontaneous fermented foods and participate to the characteristics of the fermented product. They possess a large set of functional and technological properties, which can enhance safety, nutritional and sensory characteristics of food. Particularly, Weissella cibaria and Weissella confusa have been described as high producers of exo-polysaccharides, which exhibit texturizing properties. Numerous bacteriocins have been purified from Weissella hellenica strains and may be used as bio-preservative. Some Weissella strains are able to decarboxylate polymeric phenolic compounds resulting in a better bioavailability. Other Weissella strains showed resistance to low pH and bile salts and were isolated from healthy human feces, suggesting their potential as probiotics. Despite all these features, the use of Weissella spp. as commercial starters remained non-investigated. Potential biogenic amine production, antibiotic resistance pattern or infection hazard partly explains this neglecting. Besides, Weissella spp. are not recognized as GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe). However, Weissella spp. are potential powerful starters for food fermentation as well as Lactococcus, Leuconostoc or Lactobacillus species

Identification, stress tolerance, and antioxidant activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from tropically grown fruits and leaves

International audienceOut of six samples of tropically grown fruits and leaves, ten lactic acid bacteria belonging Leuconostoc, Weissella and Lactobacillus species were isolated and identified by 16S gene sequencing and (GTG)5 fingerprinting. Acidification kinetics determined from BHI broth cultures showed genus-related patterns. In particular, Weissella cibaria appeared to act as a potent acidifier. Tolerance to acid, oxidative or salt stress of isolates was highly variable and strain dependent. Isolate S14 (Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides) growth was not affected by the presence of 0.05% H2O2 while Lactobacillus spp. isolates (S17 and S29) were the most tolerant to pH 4.5. The growth of four isolates, S5 (Leuconostoc mesenteroides), S14 and S10 (Leuc. pseudomesenteroides) and S27 (W. cibaria) was not affected by 5% NaCl. Nutritional beneficial properties were examined through measurement of antioxidant activities of short-term fermented pineapple juice, such as LDL oxidation and polyphenol content, and through exopolysaccharide formation from sucrose. Two isolates, S14 and S27 increased antioxidant capacity of pineapple juice. The robust capacity of W. cibaria and of Leuc. pseudomesenteroides for vegetable lactic fermentation aimed to ameliorate food nutritional and functional quality was highlighted

Lactic Fermentation as an Efficient Tool to Enhance the Antioxidant Activity of Tropical Fruit Juices and Teas

International audienceTropical fruits like pineapple, papaya, mango, and beverages such as green or black teas, represent an underestimated source of antioxidants that could exert health-promoting properties. Most food processing technologies applied to fruit beverages or teas result in an impairment of inherent nutritional properties. Conversely, we hypothesise that lactic acid fermentation may constitute a promising route to maintain and even improve the nutritional qualities of processed fruits. Using specific growth media, lactic acid bacteria were selected from the fruit phyllosphere diversity and fruit juice, with the latter undergoing acidification kinetics analyses and characterised for exopolysaccharide production. Strains able to ferment tropical fruit juices or teas into pleasant beverages, within a short time, were of particular interest. Strains Weissella cibaria 64 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides 12b, able to increase antioxidant activity, were specifically studied as potential starters for lactic fermented pineapple juice