Distribution patterns of Hydropsychids and Rhyacophilids species (Trichoptera) in a not regulated Mediterranean river (SW Spain)

This paper investigates the longitudinal ordination of the Hydropsychidae and Rhyacophilidae species present in the high basin of the Hozgarganta River. The ordination of the Hydropsychids species present in the basin show three distribution patterns: Diplectrona felix and Hydropsyche infernalis are confined to the head streams; H. siltalai and H. iberomaroccana are distributed throughout the entire study zone, although the second one does not reach the highest sections of the basin; finally, H. lobata occupies the lowest sections, specially in the main axis of the river. The two Rhyacophila species studied show also a well differentiated distribution. R. fonticola is more abundant in the gorges and high sections, whereas R. munda prefers the riverbed of the main river, although it's also found in some tributaries. Even in these intermediate sections, the segregation between the two species is almost perfect. The water permanence in the riverbeds influences the distribution of some species.We have found that D. felix and H. infernalis inhabit the permanent sections of the stream heads whereas H. iberomaroccana significantly dominates the intermittent ones. H. siltalai, H. lobata, R. fonticola, and R. munda do not show a significant preference for any type of riverbed (permanent, intermittent, or ephemeral). It is interesting to highlight the survival of some H. iberomaroccana larvae in isolated pools during the summer. We suggest the possibility that these larvae survive thanks to the existence of a weak underground flow of subsurface origin between adjacent pools.En el presente trabajo se investiga la ordenación longitudinal de las especies de Hydropsychidae y Rhyacophilidae presentes en la cuenca alta del río Hozgarganta. La ordenación de las especies de Hydropsychidae presentes en la cuenca muestra tres patrones de distribución: Diplectrona felix e Hydropsyche infernalis están confinadas en los arroyos de cabecera; H. siltalai e H. iberomaroccana están distribuidas por toda la zona de estudio, aunque la segunda no alcanza los tramos más altos de la cuenca; por último, H. lobata ocupa los tramos más bajos, especialmente en el eje principal del río. Las dos especies de Rhyacophila estudiadas también muestran una distribución bien diferenciada. R. fonticola es más abundante en las gargantas y tramos altos, mientras que R. munda prefiere el cauce del río principal, aunque también se encuentra presente en algunos tributarios. Incluso en estos tramos intermedios la segregación entre ambas especies es casi perfecta. La permanencia del agua en los cauces influye en la distribución de algunas especies. Hemos encontrado que D. felix e H. infernalis habitan los tramos permanentes de cabecera, mientras que H. iberomaroccana domina de forma significativa en los intermitentes. H. siltalai, H. lobata, R. fonticola y R. munda no muestran una preferencia significativa por algún tipo de cauce (permanente, intermitente o efímero). Es interesante resaltar la supervivencia de algunas larvas de H. iberomaroccana en pozas aisladas durante el verano. Sugerimos la posibilidad de que estas larvas sobrevivan gracias a la existencia de un débil flujo subterráneo de origen freático entre pozas adyacentes

Conducta anestésica en el embolismo aéreo, durante la cirugía de fosa posterior con posición sedente, en el paciente pediátrico

Air embolism constitutes an emergency situation in pediatric neurosurgery. The sedentary surgical position is a risk factor for its development. We present the case of a pediatric patient who underwent an exeresis of a posterior fossa tumor in a sitting position. During the procedure, the patient presented two episodes of air embolism with hemodynamic repercussion. In this article we describe its course and its management. The objective of this work is, on the one hand, to describe the clinical case presented and, on the other hand, to review the anesthetic management of air embolism as well as the role of non-invasive monitoring for early diagnosis.El embolismo aéreo constituye una situación de emergencia en neurocirugía pediátrica. La posición quirúrgica sedente es un factor de riesgo para su desarrollo. Presentamos el caso de un paciente pediátrico que se intervino para una exéresis de un tumor de fosa posterior en posición sedente. Durante el procedimiento presentó dos episodios de embolia aérea con repercusión hemodinámica; en este artículo describimos su curso y su manejo. El objetivo de este trabajo es por un lado, describir el caso clínico presentado y por otro lado, revisar el manejo anestésico del embolismo aéreo así como el papel de la monitorización no invasiva para su diagnóstico precoz.

Uso de metadona para el destete de sedación en paciente pediátrico

Opioids used for more than five days in sedation, should be withdrawn progressively in order to prevent abstinence syndrome. Methadone are frequently used for this purpose. However, the difficulty in the application of protocols and the difference between patients, make this practice not free of difficulty. In this review we try to answer or at least suggest guidelines to carry out this practice.Los opioides usados  durante más de cinco días, para sedación en paciente pediátrico, deben ser retirado de forma progresiva con el objetivo de prevenir abstinencia. Para este propósito las pautas de retirada con metadona enteral son frecuentemente utilizadas. Sin embargo, la dificultad en la apliación de protocolos y la diferencia entre pacientes, hacen que esta práctica no esté exenta de dificultad.  En este artículo intentamos dar respuesta o al menos sugerir pautas, para realizar esta práctica

Biometric differences between several populations of Cordulegaster boltonii (Odonata: Cordulegastridae) in Ibero-Maghrebian area

Biometric data of the exuviae of female larvae of the dragonfly Cordulegaster boltonii collected in Portugal, Spain and Morocco were analysed to determine whether the size of three exuvial structures measured differed depending on the geographic localities of the populations. Based on the results recorded for the 16 populations studied, head width was negatively correlated with latitude and the greatest length of the gonapophysis was recorded for the Iberian populations at the centre of this peninsula. Multivariate cluster analysis revealed a clear separation of the Moroccan population. A second cluster separated the southernmost population (Sierra Nevada) from the remaining Iberian populations. Four population groups were distinguished: those located in watercourses in the north and central area of the Iberian Peninsula, those in Iberian watercourses in the East and Middle South, the Sierra Nevada and North Morocco. Some of these results coincide with the results of genetic studies of other authors

Geographical variation of prementum size in Iberian Cordulegaster boltonii (Odonata: Cordulegastridae) populations

Within wide geographical areas, Odonata populations can show biometric differences as a consequence of both biotic (e.g., predation, competition) and abiotic factors (mainly temperature). These differences can occur in the larval stage, although reliable characters are needed to detect differences. We analyzed whether Cordulegaster boltonii larvae from 18 Iberian populations differ regarding head width and prementum size (maximum width, minimum width, and maximum length), using measurements taken on final stage exuviae. Prementum length was greater in southern populations than in northern ones. Geographic latitude and temperature were the variables that best explained this variation in females, whereas latitude and altitude above sea level offered the best explanation among males

Schizopelex genalica Ruiz-Garcia, sp. n.

Schizopelex genalica Ruiz-García, sp. n. (Figs. A–H) Material examined. Holotype male SPAIN: Málaga Province, Júzcar (36 º 37´10 ”N, 005º09´13.9 ”W), Vado del Genal, Río Genal, Serranía de Ronda, 521 m., 23 -vi- 2012. Two Paratypes male SPAIN: Málaga Province, Parauta (36 º 38´45 ´´N, 005º07´27.8 ´´W), Arroyo del Nacimiento, Río Genal, Serranía de Ronda, 692 m., 16 -v- 2014, all at black light trap, leg. A. Ruiz-García. The specimens are preserved in 70 % ethanol. The holotype and paratypes have been deposited in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid. In addition, 10 males of Schizopelex festiva were examined for comparison with the holotype of the new species. Description. Head and thorax dark brown. Compound eyes with small setae between ommatidia; ocelli absent. Antennae brown, scapus long, broad, subquadrangular, and extended backward (Fig. A); ratio of scapus width/eye diameter 0.80; pedicellus insertion facing forward and outward; first 6 flagellar segments annulated subapically; maxillary palps brown, curved upwards, each with third segment pale, broad, lanceolate, with pointed end and covered with dense pilosity; labial palps 3 -segmented on its palpiger; legs with coxae and femora dark brown, tibiae and tarsal segments yellowish-brown; spur formula: 2, 2, 4; length of each forewing 9.2 mm, R 1 very dark, reaching subapical tip of wing, membrane pale, area near pterostigma darker with some white spots; length of each hind wing 7.0 mm; abdomen dorsally and ventrally brown, intersegmental areas nearly white. Male genitalia (Figs. B–H). Abdominal segment IX in lateral view short and rounded dorsally and ventrally, with conspicuous lobe at its anterolateral margin on each side projecting anterad, and posterolateral margin sinuous, concave in dorsal 2 / 3 rds (Fig. B); in ventral view, anterior and posterior margins concave, posterior margin with small central posterior lobe in concavity; lobes located above posterior edge elongate, subtriangular, basal half broader and directed mesad, distal half narrower and curved laterad, apex triangular and lacking setae and spines (Fig. C), narrowing towards apex and slightly curved upwards in lateral view (Fig. B). Segment X elongate, subrectangular in lateral view (Fig. B); in dorsal view, median part of segment X elongate-triangular, narrowing towards rounded apex; lateral lobes small, not sclerotized, and setose, not reaching end of median part of segment X (Fig. D). Preanal appendages elongate with FIGURES A–H, 1. Schizopelex genalica sp. n. A, scapus, left lateral; B–H, male genitalia: B, left lateral; C, ventral; D, dorsal; E, phallic apparatus, left lateral; F, phallic apparatus, ventral; G, posteroventral lobes of abdominal segment IX (Paratype 1), ventral; H, posteroventral lobes of abdominal segment IX (Paratype 2), ventral. I. Schizopelex festiva (Rambur 1842). Scapus, left lateral. posterior ends rounded and setose (Figs. B, D). In lateral view, dorsal branch of each inferior appendage broadly dilated posteriorly, posterior edge showing V-shaped notch dividing branch into two lobes, with dorsal lobe broader than ventral; upper edge of dorsal branch nearly straight along its length (Fig. B), with strongly sclerotized, longitudinal, and setose lobe on its inner surface in dorsal and ventral views (Figs. C, D); distally curved inwards and with strongly sclerotized apex; two groups of strong black setae covering outer surface, one group on upper lobe and one near lower edge of lower lobe. Phallic apparatus long, narrow, and curved at basal third in lateral view, distally uniformly straight with slightly enlarged ventral end; distal part with small rounded lobe at posterior end in ventral and lateral views (Figs. E, F), sclerotized lateral bands of phallobase lanceolate and pointed apically. A comparison of the holotype and paratypes shows a high degree of uniformity in the male genitalia, except in the posteroventral lobes of abdominal segment IX. It seems that these structures exhibit high variability, as they are different in each specimen examined (Figs. C, G, H). In paratypes they have a laminar, subrectangular shape, they are partially fused or not, and the posterior edge is irregularly toothed, without strong black spines. Female, pupa, larva, and egg unknown. Remarks. The eastern Mediterranean species are easily distinguishable from western ones by the morphology of abdominal segment X and the inferior appendages. In eastern species abdominal segment X has lateral and/or ventral projections that are sclerotized and well developed; inferior appendages each have upper and lower branches merged into a single structure, the lower branch is strongly sclerotized and directed backwards and upwards, and is forked or not. Schizopelex genalica sp. n. resembles the western species S. furcifera and S. festiva, which can be differentiated as follows. Schizopelex furcifera can be distinguished from the other two species by the possession of lateral projections of abdominal segment X that are long and slender, surpassing the posterior end of the medial part of segment X; by the presence on the internal face of the basal third of the dorsal branch of each inferior appendage of a chitinous lobe that is pointed and downwardly directed; by the distal end of the dorsal branch of each inferior appendage being bifurcate and inwardly directed in ventral view; and by the posterior edges of abdominal segment IX each being protracted in a bifurcated lobe in ventral view. Schizopelex genalica closely resembles S. festiva, but may be distinguished by following features: a) S. festiva shows greater pilosity in the body and a darker color, almost black; b) the ratio of the scapus width/eye diameter is 0.8 in S. genalica and 1.59 in S. festiva (see Figs. A, I); c) in lateral view, abdominal segment IX is rounded dorsally in S. genalica and more protuberant in S. festiva (Malicky, 2004, p. 289); d) the apices of the posteroventral lobes of abdominal segment IX are devoid of strong black spines in S. genalica, and with strong black spines in S. festiva; e) the distal part of the phallus is of a different shape, showing two sclerotized lanceolate lateral bands in S. genalica. As suggested by Morse (personal communication), we think that the posteroventral lobes of abdominal segment IX could be homologous with the ventral branches of the inferior appendages cited by Schmid (1964) in his description of S. persica. Etymology. The species name refers to the Genal River (Málaga, South Spain) where this species was collected.Published as part of Ruiz-García, Antonio & Ferreras-Romero, Manuel, 2014, A new species of genus Schizopelex McLachlan (Trichoptera, Sericostomatidae), from the southern Iberian Peninsula, pp. 297-300 in Zootaxa 3866 (2) on pages 297-299, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3866.2.8, http://zenodo.org/record/22684

Patterns of variation in wing venation of Iberian Cordulegaster boltonii (Donovan, 1807) (Odonata: Cordulegastridae)

Some structural characters, such as wing venation, have been used in odonates to differentiate taxa. In Cordulegaster boltonii, a species widely distributed throughout the western Palaearctic, the main characteristics of its wing venation have not been quantified until now. A six-variable analysis of wing venation (number of antenodal and postnodal cross-veins, number of cells in the anal triangle and in the anal loop) in specimens from several European countries was carried out. The results showed that: (a) females had a greater number of transversal veins and cells in the anal loop than males; (b) the values of these four variables were significantly lower in males from the Iberian Peninsula than in those from elsewhere; (c) within the Iberian Peninsula two groups of populations can be distinguished: one covers the north and the other the rest of the peninsula, the latter with two subgroups, one in the centre and one in the south and east. The number of cells in the anal loop is a valid variable for analyzing geographic differences in this species.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio