Efeito da taxa de pressurização na inativação de Listeria innocua

Mestrado em Biologia Aplicada - Microbiologia Clínica e AmbientalO processamento por altas pressões possibilita a inativação de microrganismos a temperaturas sub-letais garantindo a preservação das propriedades organoléticas dos alimentos. No entanto, é necessário que sejam determinadas e estabelecidas as condições ótimas para uma inativação eficiente, nomeadamente no que respeita ao valor de pressão a ser aplicado, tempo de pressurização e temperatura. A taxa de pressurização pode ser também uma condicionante da eficiência de inativação. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes taxas de pressurização na inativação de Listeria innocua. Para isso, culturas em fase estacionária em Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) foram sujeitas a diferentes taxas de pressurização até uma pressão de 300 MPa ou 400 MPa, aplicada durante 1 e 5 minutos, à temperatura ambiente. Adicionalmente foi também avaliada a recuperação das culturas microbianas após tratamentos com alta pressão (400 MPa e 500 MPa), quando armazenadas a temperatura de refrigeração (4 °C) e temperatura ambiente (25 °C) durante 1, 5 e 10 dias. A concentração de sobreviventes foi avaliada por contagem de colónias após sementeira por incorporação em meio Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) das diluições convenientes. O fator de inativação foi calculado como Log10 (N0/Ni). Os resultados mostram que existem diferenças no fator de inativação obtido com diferentes taxas de pressurização/despressurização, para tratamentos a 300 MPa durante 5 minutos. A inativação revelou-se significativamente mais eficiente com as taxas de pressurização e despressurização baixas (1,5 MPa s-1 e 3,2 MPa s-1, respetivamente). Não houveram diferenças significativas no fator de inativação obtido nas restantes condições testadas – 300 MPa durante 1 minuto e, 400 MPa durante 1 e 5 minutos. Os resultados referentes à recuperação da viabilidade das células após tratamento sub-letal a 400 MPa e tratamento letal a 500 MPa mostram recuperação completa da concentração inicial de células viáveis quando a cultura é armazenada a 25 °C. Nas culturas mantidas a 4 °C, após tratamento sub-letal o teor de células viáveis permanece estável, não havendo indícios de recuperação nem inativação tardia, pós-tratamento. Os resultados permitem concluir que para além do valor de pressão e do tempo de pressurização, a taxa de pressurização é um parâmetro relevante na eficiência de inativação de Listeria innocua e que o fator de inativação permanece estável até 10 dias de conservação a 4 °C.High pressure processing (HPP) enables the inactivation of microorganisms to sublethal temperatures ensuring the preservation of the organoleptic properties of food. However, must be determined and established the optimum conditions for an efficient inactivation, namely as regards the pressure value to be applied, holding time, and temperature. The pressurization rate can also be a condition of efficiency of inactivation. The present study had as main objective to evaluate the effect of different rates of pressurization in the inactivation of Listeria innocua. For that, cultures in stationary phase of growth in Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) were subject to different pressurization rates up to a pressure of 300 MPa or 400 MPa, applied during 1 and 5 minutes, at room temperature. Additionally it was also evaluated the recovery of microbial cultures after treatments with high pressure (400 MPa and 500 MPa), when stored at chill temperature (4 °C) and room temperature (25 °C) for 1, 5 and 10 days. The concentration of survivors was evaluated by counting colonies after pour-plated in Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) of convenient dilutions. The inactivation factor was calculated as Log10 (N0/Ni). The results show that there are differences in the inactivation factor obtained with different pressurization/depressurization rates, to treatments at 300 MPa during 5 minutes. The inactivation has proven to be significantly more efficient with the low pressurization and depressurization rates (1.5 MPa s-1 and 3.2 MPa s-1, respectively). There were no significant differences in the inactivation factor achieved in other conditions tested – 300 MPa during 1 minute, and 400 MPa during 1 and 5 minutes. The results concerning the recovery of cell viability after sublethal treatment at 400 MPa and lethal treatment at 500 MPa show full recovery of initial concentration of viable cells when the culture is stored at 25 °C. In cultures maintained at 4 °C, after sublethal treatment, the content of viable cells remains stable, with no evidence of recovery neither late inactivation, post-treatment. The results allow concluding that beyond the pressure value and holding time, the pressurization rate is a relevant parameter in the efficiency of inactivation of Listeria innocua and that the inactivation factor remains stable until 10 days of storage at 4 °C

ESTRATÉGIAS PARA GESTÃO DE TRÁFEGO E MOBILIDADE NOS GRANDES EVENTOS DO RIO DE JANEIRO

Megaeventos são estruturas complexas que abrangem a integração de diversos setores e que geralmente impactam na vida de uma comunidade. A cidade do Rio de Janeiro vem adquirindo experiência contínua na gestão desses eventos. Destacam-se não só os Jogos Olímpicos e a Copa do Mundo, mas também os diversos grandes eventos que a cidade hospeda rotineiramente, como o Carnaval e o Réveillon. Assim, essa publicação tem o objetivo de apresentar os principais conceitos e soluções adotados pelo município do Rio de Janeiro, primeiro abordando a evolução do planejamento de tráfego nos grandes eventos, depois identificando os principais desafios e então compartilhando as principais estratégias adotadas. O resultado final é entendido como um plano de mobilidade aprovado pela população e pela imprensa, contemplando não só o incentivo ao uso dos transportes públicos de alta capacidade, “zero carro” para chegada ao evento, medidas adequadas de gerenciamento de demanda e larga comunicação, mas também marcado pela integração entre os órgãos envolvidos

Geographical location and habitat predict variation in prokaryotic community composition of Suberites diversicolor

Purpose: Marine lakes are unique habitats that house diverse assemblages of benthic and planktonic organisms including endemic species. In this study, we aimed to assess to what extent geographical location (Berau versus Papua) and the degree of marine lake connectivity (relatively open versus closed) to the surrounding marine environment structures the prokaryotic community composition of the sponge species Suberites diversicolor. Methods: Sponge specimens were sampled in five marine lakes in Borneo and Papua and one open sea habitat in Taiwan. Result: Prokaryotic communities of S. diversicolor were dominated by members assigned to the Proteobacteria (particularly Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria) and Cyanobacteria, which together made up from 78 to 87% of sequences in all samples. The dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in most samples, OTUs 1 and 3, were both assigned to the alphaproteobacterial order Rhodospirillales with OTU-1 dominant in the marine lakes of Berau and Papua and OTU-3 in Taiwan. OTU-3 was also largely absent from Papuan samples but present in all Berau samples. Compositionally, S. diversicolor samples clustered according to geographical location with the main axis of variation separating marine lake samples collected in Berau from those collected in Papua and the second axis of variation separating open sea samples collected in Taiwan from all marine lake samples. In addition, our results suggest that the degree of lake connectivity to the open sea also influences prokaryotic composition. Conclusion: Although previous studies have shown that sponge-associated microbial communities tend to be stable across different geographical and environmental gradients, in the present study, both geography and local environmental conditions were significant predictors of variation in prokaryotic community composition of S. diversicolor.publishe

Tromboendarterectomia precoce no manejo do Tromboembolismo Pulmonar Crônico: um relato de caso

O tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) é uma doença complexa e, muitas vezes, de difícil diagnóstico. Estima-se, por meio de dados de hospitais dos Estados Unidos, que no país a doença tenha uma incidência aproximada de 1 caso para cada 1.000 pessoas. Aproximadamente 4% dos casos de tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo evoluem com hipertensão pulmonar secundária. Nesses casos, o trombo se transforma em um tecido organizado aderido à parede da artéria e diminui a luz do vaso, resultando em hipertensão pulmonar (HP) e falência progressiva do ventrículo cardíaco direito. Para o diagnóstico de HPTC é necessário a presença de trombos organizados na rede vascular pulmonar, pelo menos após três meses de anticoagulação plena, pressão média da artéria pulmonar maior que 20 mmHg, pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar maior ou igual a 15 mmHg e alteração da perfusão capilar. Naturalmente, a HPTC tende a evoluir para falência das câmaras cardíacas direitas e morte. A única terapia curativa e definitiva para a condição é a Tromboendarterectomia, no entanto, a seleção de pacientes para o procedimento deve ser cuidadosamente planejada, uma vez que a cirurgia é considerada complexa e de alto risco

Methylglyoxal Induces Changes in the Glyoxalase System and Impairs Glutamate Uptake Activity in Primary Astrocytes

The impairment of astrocyte functions is associated with diabetes mellitus and other neurodegenerative diseases. Astrocytes have been proposed to be essential cells for neuroprotection against elevated levels of methylglyoxal (MG), a highly reactive aldehyde derived from the glycolytic pathway. MG exposure impairs primary astrocyte viability, as evaluated by different assays, and these cells respond to MG elevation by increasing glyoxalase 1 activity and glutathione levels, which improve cell viability and survival. However, C6 glioma cells have shown strong signs of resistance against MG, without significant changes in the glyoxalase system. Results for aminoguanidine coincubation support the idea that MG toxicity is mediated by glycation. We found a significant decrease in glutamate uptake by astrocytes, without changes in the expression of the major transporters. Carbenoxolone, a nonspecific inhibitor of gap junctions, prevented the cytotoxicity induced by MG in astrocyte cultures. Thus, our data reinforce the idea that astrocyte viability depends on gap junctions and that the impairment induced by MG involves glutamate excitotoxicity. The astrocyte susceptibility to MG emphasizes the importance of this compound in neurodegenerative diseases, where the neuronal damage induced by MG may be aggravated by the commitment of the cells charged with MG clearance

O MANEJO DE PACIENTES EM CUIDADOS PALIATIVOS NA EMERGÊNCIA POR QUEIXAS RELACIONADAS OU NÃO A TERMINALIDADE: UMA REVISÃO INTEGRATIVA

The purpose of the article is to review the application of the palliative approach inemergency care departments. For this, a literature review was carried out through thePubMed database with the following descriptors "palliative” and "emergency"according to Medical Subject Headings (MESH). After reading the title and abstract,the incompatible articles with the objective were excluded, and in addition to thiscriteria, articles published from 2015 were selected. Finally, 9 articles were selectedfor analysis, which occurred from reading them in full. The analyzed articles showedthe helpless size that patients who are under palliative care when they seekemergency services with the aim of managing the symptoms of the underlyingdisease and its complications.This is due to the lack of understanding by emergencyphysicians of the conduct and possible management of patients undergoing palliativecare. As well as the precarious services available in the health care network and thelack of multidisciplinary teams with this approach to provide well-being to patientsand their families. In view of this, the need for implementation and preparation ofprofessionals to deal with care for patients in palliative care in the emergency contextis evident, as the lack of this care provides an environment of suffering, both forpatients and their families.O objetivo deste artigo é revisar a aplicação da abordagem paliativa nosdepartamentos de pronto atendimento. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão deliteratura através da base de dados PubMed com a escolha dos seguintesdescritores "palliative” and "emergency" de acordo com Medical Subject Headings(MESH). Após a leitura do título e do resumo, os artigos incompatíveis com oobjetivo foram excluídos, e somado a esse critério, foram selecionados artigospublicados a partir de 2015. Por fim, foram selecionados 9 artigos para análise, aqual ocorreu a partir da leitura destes na íntegra. Os artigos analisados evidenciaramo tamanho desamparado que se encontram os pacientes que estão sobre cuidadospaliativos ao procurarem os serviços de emergência com o objetivo do manejo dossintomas da doença de base e de suas complicações. Isto se deve pela falta decompreensão pelos emergencistas das condutas e manejos possíveis de pacientesem paliação. Bem como, os precários serviços disponíveis na rede de atenção àsaúde e a inexistência de equipes multidisciplinar com esta abordagem parapropiciar bem-estar aos pacientes e seus familiares. Diante disso, fica evidente anecessidade da implementação e preparo dos profissionais para lidar comatendimentos de pacientes em cuidados paliativos no âmbito emergencial, pois afalta desse atendimento propicia um ambiente de sofrimento, tanto para os pacientesquanto para seus familiares

A list of land plants of Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Brazil, highlights the presence of sampling gaps within this protected area

Brazilian protected areas are essential for plant conservation in the Atlantic Forest domain, one of the 36 global biodiversity hotspots. A major challenge for improving conservation actions is to know the plant richness, protected by these areas. Online databases offer an accessible way to build plant species lists and to provide relevant information about biodiversity. A list of land plants of “Parque Nacional do Caparaó” (PNC) was previously built using online databases and published on the website "Catálogo de Plantas das Unidades de Conservação do Brasil." Here, we provide and discuss additional information about plant species richness, endemism and conservation in the PNC that could not be included in the List. We documented 1,791 species of land plants as occurring in PNC, of which 63 are cited as threatened (CR, EN or VU) by the Brazilian National Red List, seven as data deficient (DD) and five as priorities for conservation. Fifity-one species were possible new ocurrences for ES and MG states

Rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is associated with high in-hospital mortality. Alveolar recruitment followed by ventilation at optimal titrated PEEP may reduce ventilator-induced lung injury and improve oxygenation in patients with ARDS, but the effects on mortality and other clinical outcomes remain unknown. This article reports the rationale, study design, and analysis plan of the Alveolar Recruitment for ARDS Trial (ART). Methods/Design: ART is a pragmatic, multicenter, randomized (concealed), controlled trial, which aims to determine if maximum stepwise alveolar recruitment associated with PEEP titration is able to increase 28-day survival in patients with ARDS compared to conventional treatment (ARDSNet strategy). We will enroll adult patients with ARDS of less than 72 h duration. The intervention group will receive an alveolar recruitment maneuver, with stepwise increases of PEEP achieving 45 cmH(2)O and peak pressure of 60 cmH2O, followed by ventilation with optimal PEEP titrated according to the static compliance of the respiratory system. In the control group, mechanical ventilation will follow a conventional protocol (ARDSNet). In both groups, we will use controlled volume mode with low tidal volumes (4 to 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight) and targeting plateau pressure <= 30 cmH2O. The primary outcome is 28-day survival, and the secondary outcomes are: length of ICU stay; length of hospital stay; pneumothorax requiring chest tube during first 7 days; barotrauma during first 7 days; mechanical ventilation-free days from days 1 to 28; ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month survival. ART is an event-guided trial planned to last until 520 events (deaths within 28 days) are observed. These events allow detection of a hazard ratio of 0.75, with 90% power and two-tailed type I error of 5%. All analysis will follow the intention-to-treat principle. Discussion: If the ART strategy with maximum recruitment and PEEP titration improves 28-day survival, this will represent a notable advance to the care of ARDS patients. Conversely, if the ART strategy is similar or inferior to the current evidence-based strategy (ARDSNet), this should also change current practice as many institutions routinely employ recruitment maneuvers and set PEEP levels according to some titration method.Hospital do Coracao (HCor) as part of the Program 'Hospitais de Excelencia a Servico do SUS (PROADI-SUS)'Brazilian Ministry of Healt

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ