Bioeficácia de produtos à base de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) no manejo de Oligonychus punicae (Acari: Tetranychidae) em eucalipto

Natural products have shown potential in the control of pest arthropods, as well as for mites of the genus Oligonychus. This study aims to evaluate the toxicity, repellency and ovicidal effect of different commercial formulations based on neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) in the control of Oligonychus punicae (Hirst) in a clonal mini-garden of eucalyptus. The tested products were Natural Neem®, Off-Neem®, NimI-GO® and Azamax®. To evaluate the toxicity on adult females of Oligonychus punicae were used leaf discs of eucalyptus, sprayed with different concentrations of the solution, defined from preliminary tests. Mortality was assessed 48 h after application of the products and lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC95) were calculated for each of them. The repellent effect was verified through a choice test, using leaf discs treated with the products and distilled water. The concentration used was the LC50 of the products calculated in the toxicity test. The ovicidal effect was determined by applying the solutions prepared with the LC95 of each product on Oligonychus punicae eggs in eucalyptus leaf disks. The LC50s ranged from 0.10 to 0.56% for Off-Neem® and Azamax®, respectively, and the LC95s from 0.71 to 1.78% for Off-Neem® and Natural Neem®. The insecticides Off-Neem® and Natural Neem® significantly reduced the number of Oligonychus punicae females, however Azamax® and Nim-I-GO® did not show a significant reduction, although all were classified as repellents. Oligonychus punicae eggs treated with the LC95 of the products were not viable, with no hatching. It is concluded that the tested natural products showed potential for the control of Oligonychus punicae due to the significant toxicity on eggs and adult females.Produtos naturais têm apresentado potencial no controle de artrópodes-praga, bem como para ácaros do gênero Oligonychus. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a toxicidade, repelência e efeito ovicida de diferentes formulações comerciais à base de nim (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) no controle do Oligonychus punicae (Hirst, 1926) em minijardim clonal de eucalipto. Os produtos testados foram Natural Neem®, Off-Neem®, Nim-I-GO® e Azamax®. Para avaliar a toxicidade sobre fêmeas adultas de Oligonychus punicae, foram utilizados discos foliares de eucalipto, pulverizados com diferentes concentrações de cada produto, definidas a partir de testes preliminares. A mortalidade foi avaliada 48 h após aplicação dos produtos e calculadas as concentrações letais (CL50 e CL95) para cada um. O efeito repelente foi verificado através de teste com chance de escolha, utilizando-se discos foliares tratados com os produtos e água destilada. A concentração utilizada foi a CL50 dos produtos calculada no teste de toxicidade. O efeito ovicida foi determinado a partir da aplicação das soluções preparadas com as CL95 de cada produto sobre ovos de Oligonychus punicae em discos foliares de eucalipto. As CL50 variaram entre 0,10 a 0,56% para Off-Neem® e Azamax®, respectivamente, e as CL95 de 0,71 a 1,78% para Off-Neem® e Natural Neem®. Os inseticidas Off-Neem® e Natural Neem® reduziram significativamente o número de fêmeas de Oligonychus punicae, entretanto, Azamax® e Nim-I-GO® não apresentaram uma redução significativa, embora todos tenham sido classificados como repelentes. Os ovos de Oligonychus punicae tratados com as CL95 dos produtos foram inviabilizados, não havendo eclosão. Portanto, conclui-se que os produtos naturais testados apresentaram potencial para o controle de Oligonychus punicae em virtude da significativa toxicidade sobre ovos e fêmeas adultas.

Extrato de folhas de juazeiro com atividade acaricida sobre o ácaro-vermelho em algodoeiro

The objective of this work was to evaluate the toxicity, repellency, efficiency, and phytotoxicity of the aqueous extract of juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro) leaves in the control of the red spider mite, Tetranychus ludeni, on cotton plant. For toxicity evaluation, T. ludeni adult females were put on cotton leaf discs sprayed with the juazeiro extract. The repellent effect was verified in arenas that contained cotton leaf discs treated or not with the aqueous extract. The control efficiency of the juazeiro extract was evaluated by the infestation of cotton plants by adult female mites, followed by spraying with the extract. Measured LC50 was 3.54% (m/v), with 76.47% mortality and repellent effect. There was control efficiency for 120 hours, with 78.02% average, without significant difference between the evaluation intervals. Cotton plants did not show phytotoxicity. The juazeiro aqueous extract shows potential as an alternative control of T. ludeni on cotton plant due to its high toxicity, repellent effect, and efficiency in causing mortality, without being phytotoxic to cotton plants.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a toxicidade, a repelência, a eficiência e a fitotoxicidade do extrato aquoso de folhas de juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro) no controle do ácaro-vermelho, Tetranychus ludeni, em algodoeiro. Para a avaliação da toxicidade, colocaram-se fêmeas adultas de T. ludeni sobre discos foliares de algodoeiro pulverizados com extrato de juazeiro. O efeito repelente foi verificado em arenas que continham discos de folha de algodoeiro tratados ou não com o extrato aquoso. A eficiência de controle do extrato de juazeiro foi avaliada pela infestação de plantas de algodoeiro com fêmeas adultas do ácaro, seguida de pulverização com o extrato. A CL50 determinada foi de 3,54% (m/v), com mortalidade de 76,47% e efeito repelente. Houve eficiência de controle por 120 horas, com média de 78,02%, sem diferença significativa entre os intervalos de avaliação. As plantas de algodão não apresentaram fitotoxicidade. O extrato aquoso de juazeiro apresenta potencial como controle alternativo de T. ludeni em algodoeiro, em virtude de sua elevada toxicidade, efeito repelente e eficiência quanto à mortalidade, sem ser fitotóxico ao algodoeiro

Rainfall in the urban area and its impact on climatology and population growth

Due to the scarcity of studies linking the variability of rainfall and population growth in the capital cities of Northeastern Brazil (NEB), the purpose of this study is to evaluate the variability and multiscale interaction (annual and seasonal), and in addition, to detect their trends and the impact of urban growth. For this, monthly rainfall data between 1960 and 2020 were used. In addition, the detection of rainfall trends on annual and seasonal scales was performed using the Mann–Kendall (MK) test and compared with the phases of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The relationship between population growth data and rainfall data for different decades was established. Results indicate that the variability of multiscale urban rainfall is directly associated with the ENSO and PDO phases, followed by the performance of rain-producing meteorological systems in the NEB. In addition, the anthropic influence is shown in the relational pattern between population growth and the variability of decennial rainfall in the capitals of the NEB. However, no capital showed a significant trend of increasing annual rainfall (as in the case of Aracaju, Maceió, and Salvador). The observed population increase in the last decades in the capitals of the NEB and the notable decreasing trend of rainfall could compromise the region’s water security. Moreover, if there is no strategic planning about water bodies, these changes in the rainfall pattern could be compromising

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Efeito do extrato aquoso de folhas de juazeiro (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.) no controle do ácaro vermelho (Tetranychus ludeni Zacher, 1913) em algodoeiro (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

As pragas constituem um dos principais fatores limitantes à exploração da cultura algodoeira e, dentre as espécies de importância econômica, destaca-se o ácaro vermelho Tetranychus ludeni. O uso de acaricidas sintéticos no controle desta praga, apesar de eficiente, pode ocasionar problemas ao homem, meio ambiente e resistência desses artrópodes aos produtos. Portanto, tem crescido o interesse por uso de extratos vegetais para o controle de ácaros fitófagos. Diante disto, objetivou-se avaliar as intensidades de injúrias causadas por T. ludeni e sua preferência alimentar em quatro variedades de algodoeiro (BRS 201, BRS Safira, BRS Verde e BRS Aroeira). Também foram realizados testes de toxicidade, repelência, eficiência, fitotoxidez e efeito residual do extrato aquoso de folhas de juazeiro no controle de T. ludeni em algodoeiro var. BRS 201. O experimento I foi realizado em gaiolas de madeira revestidas com tecido tipo voil, nas quais foram colocadas as variedades de algodoeiro, dispostas em quadrado, e um vaso central contendo feijão-de-porco (testemunha). Aos 60 dias após o plantio, as plantas de feijão-de-porco foram infestadas com 30 fêmeas de T. ludeni. Para estimar a intensidade das injúrias, 0, 12 e 25 dias após a infestação, as folhas foram avaliadas utilizando-se uma escala visual de notas com limites de 0 a 4. Após 25 dias da infestação foi feita a amostragem do número de ácaros/planta. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. As concentrações dos extratos (m/v) utilizadas foram 0%, 1,5%, 3,0%, 4,5%, 6,0% e 7,5%. Para a avaliação da toxicidade foram utilizados discos foliares (3cm Ø) de algodoeiro BRS 201. Em cada disco foram colocadas 10 fêmeas adultas de T. ludeni. Em seguida, foram pulverizadas as concentrações dos extratos com auxílio de um borrifador manual. As arenas foram mantidas em câmara climatizada. Após 48h, foi efetuada a contagem dos indivíduos vivos e mortos. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e 10 repetições. O teste de repelência foi realizado em arenas contendo dois discos de folha (variedade de algodoeiro BRS 201), sendo um disco tratado (imerso) com o extrato aquoso da folha de juazeiro (CL50) e o outro com água destilada. Em seguida, foram colocados em placas do tipo Gerbox® e interligados por uma lamínula, na qual foram liberadas 10 fêmeas adultas do ácaro. Após 48 h, observou-se e o número de ácaros vivos em cada disco. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e 10 repetições. No experimento III, para avaliar a eficiência de controle, aos 60 dias, as plantas de algodoeiro foram infestadas com 30 fêmeas adultas do ácaro T. ludeni. Aos 15 dias após a infestação, o extrato de juazeiro na concentração de 3,54% (m/v) (CL50) foi pulverizado sobre as plantas. Decorridas 48h foi realizada a contagem de fêmeas adultas do T. ludeni com auxílio de lupa manual com área de 9 cm³ até 120 horas. Para avaliar o efeito residual, aos 60 dias as plantas de algodoeiro foram previamente pulverizadas com a CL50 (3,54% (m/v)) do extrato de juazeiro. Decorridas três horas, um dia, dois, quatro, oito e dezesseis dias, foram coletadas folhas e confeccionadas arenas com discos foliares. Em cada arena foram colocadas 10 fêmeas adultas de T. ludeni. As arenas foram mantidas em câmara B.O.D. Após 48h foi efetuada a contagem dos indivíduos vivos e mortos. Para avaliar as plantas com fitotoxicidade foram atribuídas notas de acordo com a intensidade dos sintomas. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e 10 repetições. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Em relação à preferência alimentar, não houve diferença significativa no número de indivíduos de T. ludeni entre as variedades de algodoeiro testadas. Entretanto, em relação ao nível de injúrias ocasionadas por este ácaro observou-se que as variedades BRS 201 e BRS Verde foram significativamente as mais atacadas. Para toxicidade dos extratos ao T. ludeni, houve diferença significativa. As maiores concentrações atingiram de 48 a 64% de mortalidade, apresentando toxicidade moderada ao ácaro T. ludeni. A CL50 determinada foi de 3,54% (m/v), com mortalidade de 76,47% e efeito repelente. Houve eficiência de controle por 120 horas, com média de 78,02%, não havendo diferença significativa entre os intervalos de avaliação. O extrato de juazeiro apresenta baixo efeito residual para mortalidade e oviposição de T. ludeni ao longo de 16 dias, tendo melhor ação por contato. As plantas não apresentaram fitotoxidez. Diante desses resultados é possível inferir que as variedades BRS 201 e BRS verde são mais susceptíveis ao ataque de T. ludeni e que o extrato de juazeiro apresenta potencial como controle alternativo do T. ludeni em algodoeiro, sendo uma estratégia promissora para ser inserida em programas de manejo desta praga no semiárido.Pests are one of the main factors affecting the operation of the cotton crop and among the species of economic importance, stands out the red spider mite Tetranychus ludeni. The use of synthetic miticides to control this pest, although effective, can cause problems for humans, the environment and resistance of these arthropods the products. Therefore, there has been growing interest in using plant extracts to control mite. In view of this, aimed to evaluate the intensity of injuries caused by T. ludeni and their feed preference in four varieties of cotton (BRS 201, BRS Safira, BRS Verde and BRS Aroeira). They were also carried out tests of toxicity, repellence, efficiency, phytotoxicity and residual effect of aqueous extract of juazeiro leaves in control of T. ludeni in var cotton. BRS 201. The first experiment was carried out in wooden cages lined with voile fabric type, which were placed on the cotton varieties, arranged in square and a central vessel containing bean-to-hog (control). 60 days after planting, the bean to hog plants were infested with 30 females of T. ludeni. To estimate the intensity of injuries, 0, 12 and 25 days after infestation, leaves were evaluated using a visual rating scale with limits of 0 to 4. After 25 days of infestation was taken for sampling the number of mites/plant. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The extracts concentrations (w/v) were 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, 6.0% and 7.5%. For the assessment of toxicity leaf discs were used (Ø 3 cm) of cotton BRS 201. On each disc were placed 10 adult females of T. ludeni. They were then sprayed the extracts of concentrations with the aid of a manual spray bottle. The arenas were kept in climate chamber. After 48 hours, was performed counting living and dead individuals. The experimental design used was completely randomized, with six treatments and 10 repetitions. The repellency test was conducted in arenas containing two leaf discs (cotton variety of BRS 201), one disk treated (immersed) with the aqueous extract of juazeiro sheet (LC50) and the other with distilled water. Then they were placed in Gerbox® type plates and interconnected by a cover slip, which were released 10 adult females of the mite. After 48h, it was noted and the number of live mites on each disk. The experimental design used was completely randomized with two treatments and 10 repetitions. In the experiment III, to evaluate the control efficiency at 60 days, the cotton plants were infested with 30 adult females of T. ludeni mite. At 15 days after infestation the jujube extract at a concentration of 3.54% (w/v) (LC50) was sprayed on plants. After 48 hours was performed T. ludeni adult female count with manual loupe aid with 9 cm³ area up to 120 hours. To evaluate the residual effect after 60 days, the cotton plants were previously sprayed with the LC50 (3.54% (w/v)) of juazeiro extract. After three hours, one day, two, four, eight and sixteen days, arenas leaves were collected and made with leaf discs. In each arena are placed 10 adult females of T. ludeni. The arenas were kept in B.O.D. chamber. After 48 hours was performed counting living and dead individuals. To evaluate the plants phytotoxicity notes were assigned according to the intensity of symptoms. The experimental design used was completely randomized with two treatments and 10 repetitions. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. In relation to feed preference, there was no significant difference in the number of T. ludeni individuals among the tested cotton varieties. However, compared to the level of injuries caused by this mite it has been observed that varieties BRS 201 and BRS Verde were the most significantly attacked. For toxicity of extracts to T. ludeni, there was a significant difference. The highest concentrations were 48-64% mortality with moderate toxicity to mite T. ludeni. The LC50 determined was 3.54% (w/v), with mortality and 76.47% repellent effect. There was control efficiency for 120 hours, with an average of 78.02%, with no significant difference between the assessment intervals. The juazeiro extract has a low residual effect for mortality and oviposition of T. ludeni over 16 days, taking better action by contact. The plants showed no toxicity symptoms. With these results, we can infer that the varieties BRS 201 and BRS Verde are more susceptible to attack T. ludeni and the jujube extract has potential as an alternative control of T. ludeni in cotton, with a promising strategy to be inserted into programs management of this pest in the semiarid region.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPE

Núcleos de Ensino da Unesp: artigos 2010: volume 6: políticas públicas e organização escolar

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES