Function and Dynamics of Tetraspanins during Antigen Recognition and Immunological Synapse Formation

Tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs) are specialized membrane platforms driven by protein protein interactions that integrate membrane receptors and adhesion molecules. Tetraspanins participate in antigen recognition and presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) through the organization of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and their downstream induced signaling, as well as the regulation of MHC-II-peptide trafficking. T lymphocyte activation is triggered upon specific recognition of antigens present on the APC surface during immunological synapse (IS) formation. This dynamic process is characterized by a defined spatial organization involving the compartmentalization of receptors and adhesion molecules in specialized membrane domains that are connected to the underlying cytoskeleton and signaling molecules. Tetraspanins contribute to the spatial organization and maturation of the IS by controlling receptor clustering and local accumulation of adhesion receptors and integrins, their downstream signaling, and linkage to the actin cytoskeleton. This review offers a perspective on the important role of TEMs in the regulation of antigen recognition and presentation and in the dynamics of IS architectural organization.The cost of this publication has been paid in part by FEDER funds.S

Office Rig

This project is a celebration of an office building in Stockholm from the 1960s, by proposing to preserve the existing and make an addition, to enhance what is already there. A premise of the project was to look upon the extension as a parasite. The existing building is a result of a formulated bureaucratic ideal, a piece of text. By using bureaucracy as a theme, the extension is parasitizing on the existing building. The theme has been explored through the use of bureaucratic tools, letters and numbers. Methods of performing bureaucracy, to do paperwork, its automatization and aesthetics, how forms and documents look. What does the contemporary nomadic office worker need? What props and supplies? How to create a bureaucratic atmosphere? How to relate to the history of office planning and keywords such as flexibility and mobility? How to relate to the actual material of the already existing? How to attach one thing to another

Office Rig

This project is a celebration of an office building in Stockholm from the 1960s, by proposing to preserve the existing and make an addition, to enhance what is already there. A premise of the project was to look upon the extension as a parasite. The existing building is a result of a formulated bureaucratic ideal, a piece of text. By using bureaucracy as a theme, the extension is parasitizing on the existing building. The theme has been explored through the use of bureaucratic tools, letters and numbers. Methods of performing bureaucracy, to do paperwork, its automatization and aesthetics, how forms and documents look. What does the contemporary nomadic office worker need? What props and supplies? How to create a bureaucratic atmosphere? How to relate to the history of office planning and keywords such as flexibility and mobility? How to relate to the actual material of the already existing? How to attach one thing to another

Cell biological mechanisms and activity markers of eosinophils in relation to allergic inflammation

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the pathogenesis of respiratory allergic diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis, is closely linked to the presence of chronic inflammation. One of the leading actresses in the allergic inflammatory process is the eosinophil granulocyte. This thesis focus on cell biological mechanisms and different activity markers of eosinophils in relation to the allergic inflammation. An important medical and cell biological problem is that the recruitment of cells to the inflammatory lesion, and the following tissue reactions, usually start long before patient and treating physician are aware of any symptoms. In this early phase, during the subclinical inflammation, it is of importance to enable identification of relevant risk markers for the development of allergy and asthma. Today there is not one marker alone, measured in the laboratory, that can be a useful and reliable tool in the clinic for monitoring the inflammatory process in asthma. Since the eosinophil is recruited from the circulation to the inflammatory lesion, it would be of practical use if measurements of the early activation of the eosinophil ("priming") in the blood stream could reflect the inflammation in local tissue, e.g. the bronchial mucosa. We have demonstrated that CD9 is a reliable marker for identification of eosinophils. The existence of a preformed intracellular pool of CD9 in eosinophils was demonstrated, which is translocated upon in vitro activation. In the absence of platelets, which coexpress CD9, a decreased expression of CD9 on the surface of eosinophils was observed, probably caused by the release or shedding of a soluble form of CD9. This is in contrast to the increased expression of CD9 on eosinophils in the presence of platelets, which is probably due to adherent platelets rather than only a translocation from the intracellular pool of CD9 to the cell surface. Our patient study during the birch pollen seasons 1993 and 1994, indicates that a combination of the three peripheral blood eosinophil markers, EG2, CD9 and CD11b, could be a useful tool to mirror events such as "priming" of eosinophils, and allergen exposure in sensitised individuals, and also to improve the characterisation of the inflammatory status in asthmatics. Using a skin chamber model, we demonstrated that local allergen challenge of patients with allergic rhinitis and mild asthma, results in an increased recruitment of eosinophils, as compared to controls. Recruited eosinophils were activated as shown by the expression of CD9, CD11b, and the EG2-epitope on intracellular ECP. We suggest that the use of allergen challenge in skin chambers is a useful in vivo model for further studies of eosinophil recruitment, their state of activation and the involvement of different allergic inflammatory mediators, such as chemokines and cytokines. The results from the adhesion and transmigration in vitro assays are in accordance with the results from the in vivo study with skin chambers, demonstrating activated eosinophils by means of CD9, CD I I b, and the EG2-epitope on intracellular ECP expression. Together our data indicate that these assays are useftil for studying eosinophil recruitment to the extracellular matrix, in vitro. In the adhesion assay we also demonstrated that antibodies to CD9 decreased the adhesion property; we therefore suggest that CD9 might be involved in the adhesion of eosinophils to extracellular matrix-proteins. Taken together, this thesis indicates that CD9 could be used as an eosinophil activity marker, and that CD9 might also play a role in the actual adhesion process of eosinophils to extracellular matrix proteins. The skin chamber model, together with the adhesion and transmigration models, are useful tools to study mechanisms in the allergic inflammation

Cell biological mechanisms and activity markers of eosinophils in relation to allergic inflammation [Elektronisk resurs]

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the pathogenesis of respiratory allergic diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis, is closely linked to the presence of chronic inflammation. One of the leading actresses in the allergic inflammatory process is the eosinophil granulocyte. This thesis focuses on cell biological mechanisms and different activity markers of eosinophils in relation to the allergic inflammation. An important medical and cell biological problem is that the recruitment of cells to the inflammatory lesion, and the following tissue reactions, usually start long before patient and treating physician are aware of any symptoms. In this early phase, during the subclinical inflammation, it is of importance to enable identification of relevant risk markers for the development of allergy and asthma. Today there is not one marker alone, measured in the laboratory, that can be a useful and reliable tool in the clinic for monitoring the inflammatory process in asthma. Since the eosinophil is recruited from the circulation to the inflammatory lesion, it would be of practical use if measurements of the early activation of the eosinophil ("priming") in the blood stream could reflect the inflammation in local tissue, e.g. the bronchial mucosa. We have demonstrated that CD9 is a reliable marker for identification of eosinophils. The existence of a preformed intracellular pool of CD9 in eosinophils was demonstrated, which is translocated upon in vitro activation. In the absence of platelets, which coexpress CD9, a decreased expression of CD9 on the surface of eosinophils was observed, probably caused by the release or shedding of a soluble form of CD9. This is in contrast to the increased expression of CD9 on eosinophils in the presence of platelets, which is probably due to adherent platelets rather than only a translocation from the intracellular pool of CD9 to the cell surface. Our patient study during the birch pollen seasons 1993 and 1994, indicates that a combination of the three peripheral blood eosinophil markers, EG2, CD9 and CD11b, could be a useful tool to mirror events such as "priming" of eosinophils, and allergen exposure in sensitised individuals, and also to improve the characterisation of the inflammatory status in asthmatics. Using a skin chamber model, we demonstrated that local allergen challenge of patients with allergic rhinitis and mild asthma, results in an increased recruitment of eosinophils, as compared to controls. Recruited eosinophils were activated as shown by the expression of CD9, CD11b, and the EG2-epitope on intracellular ECP. We suggest that the use of allergen challenge in skin chambers is a useful in vivo model for further studies of eosinophil recruitment, their state of activation and the involvement of different allergic inflammatory mediators, such as chemokines and cytokines. The results from the adhesion and transmigration in vitro assays are in accordance with the results from the in vivo study with skin chambers, demonstrating activated eosinophils by means of CD9, CD11b, and the EG2-epitope on intracellular ECP expression. Together our data indicate that these assays are useful for studying eosinophil recruitment to the extracellular matrix, in vitro. In the adhesion assay we also demonstrated that antibodies to CD9 decreased the adhesion property; we therefore suggest that CD9 might be involved in the adhesion of eosinophils to extracellular matrix-proteins. Taken together, this thesis indicates that CD9 could be used as an eosinophil activity marker, and that CD9 might also play a role in the actual adhesion process of eosinophils to extracellular matrix proteins. The skin chamber model, together with the adhesion and transmigration models, are useful tools to study mechanisms in the allergic inflammation

Developing of a new E-DUO-concept trailer

I dagens samhälle spelar miljön en viktig roll, både för hur miljön skall bevaras och hur miljöproblem kan undvikas. Med detta uppmanas allt fler människor ha en större miljömedvetenhet. Miljöproblemet är ytterst märkbart i infrastrukturen och främst transporter av dess olika slag. Större fordon, såsom lastbilar, färdas långa sträckor för att transportera gods som i sin tur ökar bränsleförbrukning och gör att utsläppen blir allt mer. Genom att öka lasten, per transporterad enhet, på de tyngre fordonen så kan bränsleförbrukningen minskas. Företaget Parator Industri AB som tillverkar lastbilstrailers är med i ett HCT-projekt (High Capacity Transport) där de tillsammans med andra involverade företag ska ta fram en ny konstruktion av tyngre fordon med ett hållbarhetstänk.Syftet med detta examensarbete är att är att ta fram en lösning för kombination av en lastbil med kopplat släp vilket senare kommer utgöra produktionsunderlaget till företaget Parator. Detta genom att hjälpa företaget konstruera en ny DUO-trailern som kommer bestå av två chassin som ska sammanfogas och som kommer transportera containrar med gods i. Genom aktionsforskning med fokus på intervjuer och observationer, har vetenskapliga källor samlats in. Detta kombineras med modellering på dataprogrammet SolidWorks där 3D-modellering av den nya konstruktionen utförs. Med överslagsberäkning beräknas hållfastheten fram på den nya trailerns infästningar. Även ett nytt produktionsunderlag, med tillhörande materiallista och ritningar har tagits fram i rapporten. Studien har vidare analyserat huruvida de tillämpade tillverkningsmetoderna samt monteringar kan vara hållbara ur ett produktionsperspektiv. Today the environment is a common question and how to reduce emissions into nature. With this more people are encouraged to have an environmental mindset. Mostly the environmental damage comes from the transport with different kinds of vehicles and their exhaust gas. Larger vehicles, such as trucks, travel long distances to deliver goods which increases fuel consumption and increases emissions. By increasing the load, per transported unit on the heavier vehicles, fuel consumption can be reduced. The company Parator Industry AB that designs truck-trailers is involved in an HCT-project (High Capacity Transport) together with other companies where the goal for the company is to achieve a more sustainable production material and have less impact on nature.The purpose of this study is to find a solution for a combination of the truck connected with a trailer which will later form the production basis for the company Parator. This by helping the company design a new DUO-trailer which will consist of two chassis to be joined and will transport containers with goods. Through action research with a focus on interviews and observations, scientific sources can be collected. This will be combined with modeling on the computer program SolidWorks where 3Dmodeling of the new design is performed.Estimated value of the design is done for the new attachments. The study also contains a production base with produced drawings and material list. The study also analyzes the relevance of the calculated values and if they will be sustainable in the future.